1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia – Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Maribor (KGZS) - 斯洛文尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Non-winter-hardy honey-producing cover crops enhance soil fertility, prevent erosion, reduce nutrient leaching, and support biodiversity. These fast-growing, flowering plants are integrated into crop rotation, offering ecological and long-term economic benefits - and are supported by EU agricultural subsidies.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Cover cropping with non-winter-hardy honey-producing mixtures is expanding on arable land in Slovenia, especially in lowland areas near water protection zones, streams, and other water bodies. These plants are often integrated into crop rotations of both conventional and organic farming systems. Together with winter-hardy cover crops, these mixtures are an essential component of good sustainable land management. Supported by the EU's Common Agricultural Policy through SOPO (Schemes for Climate and Environment) and KOPOP (Agri-Environmental-Climate Payments), this technology promotes sustainable agriculture by improving soil structure and health and preventing nutrient leaching.
Cover crops - also referred to as catch crops or green manures - are fast-growing, plants from various families, mostly legumes, grasses and brassicas. After the main crop harvest, these plants are sown and cover the soil during summer, autumn, and winter. We distinguish between winter-hardy and non-winter-hardy cover crops.
One of the most popular non-winter-hardy mixtures used in Slovenia, includes Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), red clover (Trifolium pratense), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), and niger (Guizotia abyssinica). These species are drought-tolerant, support pollinators, and naturally perish after the first frost, simplifying subsequent soil preparation.
Their main functions are to improve soil fertility, retain moisture, prevent erosion, and reduce nutrient leaching into waterways. The different characteristics of the species in the mixture combine multiple advantages:
- dissimilar root systems extract nutrients from different layers of the soil;
- the various plant species extract different root exudates, which serve as a nutrient source for soil microorganisms;
- compacted soils become loose and of better structure;
- these species combined lead to enriched organic matter and humus;
- flowering species provide forage for pollinators;
- an overall impact is a reduced need for fertilizers and pesticides which in turn enhances water quality and lowers environmental risks;
- the leguminous species in the mixture fix nitrogen from the air, and follow-up crops like maize require less fertilizer, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Honey-producing non-winter-hardy mixtures are typically included in multi-year crop rotation plans. Activities involve selecting appropriate plant species/varieties or mixtures or species/varieties based on soil, climate, rotation and function requirements.
Shallow cultivation or direct sowing on well-prepared seedbeds takes place after cereal harvest, generally in July and August, with a recommended seeding rate of 12 kg/ha. Farmers usually avoid additional fertilization, as soil nutrients suffice for the growth of cover crops. Minimal maintenance is needed during growth since these plants suppress weeds and reduce pest pressure. Termination involves natural frost die-off, mulching, rolling, or shallow tillage. Detailed record-keeping ensures compliance with subsidy programs and supports long-term benefits.
Farmers value such cover cropping for its multiple benefits. They very much appreciate the subsidies they get for their additional effort to sow cover crops. However, challenges include higher initial costs, dependency on appropriate weather, complex timing of operations, and potential competition with main crops. Despite these hurdles, many farmers see cover cropping as a critical component of sustainable farming practices.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2020

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

The farmer adopted cover cropping as part of his transition to low-tillage farming, supported by experimentation and guidance from the public advisory service. The measure, backed by CAP subsidies, was adopted after research and experimentation, ensuring its effective integration into his farming system.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EUR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.85

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Purchase of a disc harrow with cover crops seed drill	1st year

注释:

The use of a disc harrow with a cover crop seed drill can support soil preparation and sowing, but it is not strictly necessary. Many farmers use other types of harrows and seeders, which may be more cost-effective or already available on the farm. In some cases, such equipment is shared or acquired through collective investment. While the typical depreciation period for this type of machinery is around 12 years, it is often used for 20 to 30 years, or as long as it remains functional and economically viable.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Disc harrow with cover crops seed drill	piece	1.0	20000.0	20000.0	70.0
技术建立所需总成本					20000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					23529.41

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Part of the agricultural machinery intended for the implementation of environmental measures can be funded through non-repayable grants from European and national funds under the CAP.

注释:

The cost of such machinery is a key factor, as equipment like a disc harrow with a seed drill can be expensive. However, it should last for 20 years (or more). Furthermore, it is not strictly necessary, many farmers use simpler or existing machinery, and shared or collective investment is also common.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Variable costs of honey-producing non-winter-hardy cover crops	Every year.

注释:

Variable costs represent the total production expenses for sowing the mixture, including seeds, machinery and labor costs and financing.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Work with machines	hour	52.0	9.0	468.0	100.0
设备	Seedbed preparation and sowing	hour	23.0	35.2	809.6	100.0
设备	Mulching	hour	29.0	32.0	928.0	100.0
植物材料	Seed	ha	11.44	79.2	906.05	100.0
其它	Financing cost	%	0.03	3089.94	92.7	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					3204.35
技术维护总成本，美元					3769.82

注释:

The farmer cultivates a total of 28.6 hectares of arable land. The area is theoretically divided into five equal parts, as it follows a 5-year crop rotation system. Additionally, a cover crop is sown after barley and wheat. Therefore, we have accounted for costs on 2/5 of the additional total area.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The total area is theoretically divided into five equal parts, following the 5-year crop rotation system. However, in practice, this division is not perfectly even. Other important cost factors include variations in input prices (such as seeds, fertilizers, and plant protection products), machinery costs, labor availability, and weather conditions that impact yields and operational efficiency.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Hydromelioration was carried out in the area, a drainage system and water retention systems (e.g. ponds and basins) were arranged.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

Based on national legal system.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The data have not been obtained through specific measurements but rather through a questionnaire with the farmer and insights from other farms and agricultural advisors.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The data have not been obtained through specific measurements but rather through a questionnaire with the farmer and insights from other farms and agricultural advisors.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
季节性温度	夏季	增加	好
季节性温度	春季	增加	适度
季节性温度	秋季	增加	好
季节性温度	冬季	增加	适度
季雨量	夏季	增加	好
季雨量	春季	增加	适度
季雨量	秋季	减少	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好
干旱	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

In the short term, establishment costs are high machinery investment, with no direct financial return. However, in the long term, benefits such as improved soil fertility, reduced input costs, and better yields in crop rotation help offset initial expenses. In the short term, maintenance costs, such as seed, labor for sowing and termination, are balanced by reduced expenses on herbicides and fertilizers. Over the long term, cover cropping leads to lower input costs, improved soil health, and better yields in crop rotation

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 不断变化的市场

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The composition of the cover crop mix was adjusted to better fit the crop rotation, improving soil fertility and weed suppression.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improvement of soil fertility (improved soil structure, increased humus - organic matter content)
Soil erosion control (e.g., Pernica lake)
Weed control – suppression of weeds
Moisture retention in the soil (protection of soil against direct sun rays)
Long-term pest control
Easier soil cultivation - suitable for minimum tillage
Beneficial for bees and wild pollinators
Improved aesthetic value of the landscape

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Non-winter-hardy cover crops improve soil structure, increase organic matter content, increase the number and variety of soil (micro)organisms and enhance nutrient cycling, leading to more fertile and resilient soils. They also help in nutrient retention.
The root systems of cover crops help anchor the soil, reducing erosion caused by wind and water.
Continuous cover with cover crops can suppress weeds, reducing the need for herbicides.
Certain cover crops can break pest and disease cycles, contributing to healthier crops.
Honey producing non-winter-hardy cover crops support pollinators.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Time- and labor-intensive, requiring significant coordination in terms of timing, weather, and other conditions to meet the deadlines set within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy – CAP, if the farmer wants to get subsidies for this planting cover crops.	Farmers have greater influence in policy making. Bottom-up approach.
Additional seed cost.	The farmer enrolls in CAP measures to receive a subsidy for this measure.
Initial costs when purchasing equipment, additional investments, and changes in work technology.	Equipment rental, applying for funding grants for equipment, and modifying already existing machinery.
Complexity of management, more demanding planning, and necessary knowledge.	Education
Farm conditions vary, and the effectiveness of cover crops depends on soil type, climate, and local conditions, which can affect growth and overall benefits.	Selecting suitable cover crop mixtures adapted to local soil and climate conditions. Flexible management practices, regular monitoring, technical support, education.
Inappropriate use	Education

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Establishing and terminating cover crops require additional time and labor, which can be a limiting factor for some farmers.	Good planning, collaboration with other farmers, subsidies, and awareness of the long-term benefits of this method encourages the farmer to be more willing to invest effort.
Additional costs for seed purchase and extra labor.	The farmer enrolls in CAP measures to receive a subsidy for this measure.
Potential challenges in soil preparation.	Appropriate equipment, planning, selection of the right plant varieties.
Complexity of crop management and planning.	Education, planning, record keeping.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Quintarelli, V., Radicetti, E., Allevato, E., Stazi, S. R., Haider, G., Abideen, Z., Bibi, S., Jamal, A., & Mancinelli, R. (2022). Cover Crops for Sustainable Cropping Systems: A Review. Agriculture, 12(12), 2076.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122076

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food. (2024). Unified Application 2024: Guidelines for the implementation of interventions under the Strategic Plan of the Common Agricultural Policy 2023–2027. Ljubljana, Slovenia.

URL:

https://www.kgzs.si/uploads/eiv24/NAVODILA%201/00_VELIKA_NAVODILA_2024_-_CELOTA_-_28_5_24.pdf

标题/说明:

SARE: Cover Crops for Sustainable Crop Rotations

URL:

https://www.sare.org/resources/cover-crops/

标题/说明:

Recommendations for sowing catch crops and winter cover crops for the sustainable use of arable land (Priporočila za setev naknadnih in prezimnih posevkov, za trajnostno rabo njiv)

URL:

https://www.kmetijskizavod-nm.si/uploads/kgz_nm/travni%C5%A1tvo/Priporo%C4%8Dila_za_setev_naknadnih_in_prezimnih_posevkov.pdf