1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - 阿富汗

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Using a gravity-irrigation system, spring water is diverted to fill reservoirs and then distributed to fields for the restoration of degraded forest areas, with the active involvement of local communities and a focus on the sustainable use of water resources (spring water).

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The Paktya province in Afghanistan, known for its mountainous terrain and rich forests of pine nuts deodar, cedar, and conifers, faces severe challenges. Most water in the province comes from rivers, springs, and tube wells, with high mountains acting as natural reservoirs. Unfortunately, many traditional water sources have been destroyed over decades of conflict and natural drought, forcing farmers to rely on costly tube wells for irrigation.

To support sustainable water management in the mountainous areas of Ahmad Aba and Sayed Karam districts, 60 water reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 6,000 m³ were constructed. The volume of individual reservoirs varies depending on the availability and flow of upstream spring water ranging from 36 m³ to 192 m³.

Water is diverted from a small intake near the source and delivered to the reservoir inlet through a 2-inch Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe. For irrigation of the restored areas, the outlets from the reservoirs are connected to 1-inch PVC pipes for distributing water to various plantation sites.

This technology is applied in a natural environment and is designed to support environmental sustainability by recharging the groundwater table, as water is harvested into reservoirs, it can infiltrate through the side walls and bottom. This percolation process contributes to the natural hydrological cycle, harvesting surplus water (water evaporate or percolating into atmosphere or soil) into reservoirs for irrigation of planted saplings, and extending existing forest boundaries.

The system enables the local community to sustainably manage and utilize spring water for gravity-based irrigation of restored areas, while also supporting the expansion of forested land through sapling plantation.

Before constructing the reservoirs, a feasibility survey of the water source (the spring) was conducted to verify the perennial availability of water and to determine the optimal distance between the spring and the designated reforestation sites. The preliminary selection of reservoir locations was based on key criteria including the year-round reliability of the water source, the size of the target reforestation area, and the discharge capacity of the spring. Excavation of the rocky mountain earth was carried out using a hand excavator as per the specified requirements as per technical drawing and approved design. The stone masonry work was completed using random rubble coursed stone with a cement-sand mortar mix (1:2, Type A). As per the design, Plain Cement Concrete (PCC M20) was applied to the top of the stone masonry and on all floors of the reservoirs. A 20 mm thick plastering was carried out on the internal walls using cement-sand mix (1:2). The external walls were backfilled to a height of 1.5 meters.

The benefits of this gravity-fed irrigation technique include increased reforestation rates, reduced water loss due to evaporation and runoff, achieved by using closed piping systems instead of open channels, and improved water use efficiency. These improvements have led to higher sapling survival rates and better growth. Overall, the socio-economic and environmental conditions of rural populations have been improved. Additionally, the implementation of the gravity irrigation system has reduced the cost of restoring degraded forests.

As a low-cost, environmentally friendly technology, it allows for the efficient harvesting of spring water for irrigation, supports sapling planting for carbon sequestration, and helps mitigate the severe impacts of climate change.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

With the implementation of the technology, degraded land has been restored to forested areas through reforestation.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 充分灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Excavation to build reservoirs	When construction work is possible
2.	Back filling of all outside of reservoir through soil	After construction the reservoir
3.	Stone masonry using random rubble coursed stone, laid with a cement-sand mortar mix of 1:2 (Type A)	When construction work is possible
4.	Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) M20 with formwork and waterproof compound applied under and on top of the stone masonry, as well as on the reservoir floor	When construction work is possible
5.	Plastering of internal reservoir wall with cement sand (mix 1:2), 20 mm thick	When construction work is possible
6.	Installation of pipes; 1 and 2 inch with elbow, joints , and connectors and valves for fitting in outlet and inlet area of reservoir	After construction work

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Excavation to build the reservoris	M3	62.0	10.0	620.0
劳动力	Stone masonry using random rubble coursed stone, laid with a cement-sand mortar mix of 1:2 (Type A)	M3	23.0	14.0	322.0
劳动力	Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) M20 with formwork and waterproof compound applied under and on top of the stone masonry, as well as on the reservoir floor	M3	6.0	14.0	84.0
劳动力	Plastering of internal reservoir wall with cement sand (mix 1:2), 20 mm thick	M3	42.0	14.0	588.0
劳动力	Back filling of all outside of reservoir through soil	Man-days	5.0	5.0	25.0
劳动力	Installation of pipes; 1 and 2 inch with elbow, joints , and connectors and valves for fitting in outlet and inlet area of reservoir	Man-days	8.0	5.0	40.0
设备	Shovel	PC	5.0	5.0	25.0
设备	Hammer	PC	2.0	10.0	20.0
设备	Excavator (taking by rent for excavation)	Cubic meter cost	192.0	10.0	1920.0
施工材料	Cement	Package	75.0	6.0	450.0
施工材料	Stone	Cubic meters	23.0	14.0	322.0
施工材料	Polyethelen pipe 1 inch	Meter	500.0	0.8	400.0
施工材料	Polyethelen pipe 2 inch	Meter	200.0	1.0	200.0
施工材料	Elbow joint	Piece	3.0	1.0	3.0
施工材料	Valves	Piece	4.0	4.0	16.0
施工材料	Sand	Cumbic meter	20.0	5.0	100.0
其它	Transportation	LS	1.0	700.0	700.0
技术建立所需总成本					5835.0
技术建立总成本，美元					5835.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Installation of pipes to outlet and inlet area of water reservoir	Spring season
2.	Maintenance of reservoir for clearing and unclogging the inlet area	As per requirement
3.	Replacement and installation of valves and elbow joints to prevent water clogging in the pipes	During non-function
4.	The embankment constructed to accumulate the water and put the pipes inside to water for diverting to the reservoir	Spring season

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour for repairing of pipes at outlet and valves	Person	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
劳动力	Labour for clearing and unclogging	Person	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
施工材料	Valves	PC	5.0	3.0	15.0	100.0
施工材料	Elbow joint	Pc	5.0	1.0	5.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					170.0
技术维护总成本，美元					170.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The distance between the spring and reservoir can affect the total cost of technology

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The construction site is situated at an elevation of 2500-3000 meters above sea level, with a terrain slope ranging from 15% to 20%. Photo related to field skitch, indicated that the area of reforestation is around the reservoir.

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

As the water from spring harvesting through pipes and accumulated in reservoirs can reduced the evaporation and stored for 2 or 3 days in reservoirs that can excess the water quantity for irrigation purposes.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

All age group excluding children

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

The water reservoirs were constructed on communal land for use by the local community, allowing shared access for irrigating reforested areas. Access and use are managed through a community-agreed contribution system.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季节性温度	夏季	减少	非常好
年降雨量		增加	适度
季雨量	春季	增加	非常好

注释:

The forest function for the regulating of climate, rainfall and snowfall. By increasing the forest cover that can help in regulating the annual rainfall.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The technology adapted well to reduce the severe impacts of the water on the plant growth and development during water scarity situation in summer.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The technology is cost-effective for irrigating afforested areas and is easy to use and conducive to implementation.
The workload for irrigating the afforested area has been reduced, resulting in fewer man-days required for irrigation.
The harvesting of water from ground spring allows to expand the forest area through plantation of saplings, otherwise it not possible.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The sustainable management of ground water spring contributed to the expansion of restoration efforts in the community level.
By implementation of technology at specific point, the soil vegetation cover improved from 10 to 15 percent.
The biodiversity enhanced with restoration of degraded forest area, through plantation of native species, regeneration of native bushes, grasses.
The unproductive soil converted into productive soil through plantation of bio energy plants to produce fuel wood, fodder and fruit.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Initial capital for construction of water reservoir.	Government should provide subsidy for construction of reservoir.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Communities' willingness and technical knowledge for the resource management depends on the component of the project .	Providing supporting from the government side for establishment and technical knowledge.

7.1 信息的方法/来源