1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Integration of cover crops into field crop rotation - Slovenia (EIP-AGRI)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia – Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Maribor (KGZS) - 斯洛文尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Crimson clover, overwintered as a cover crop, forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, capturing nitrogen and thus enriching the soil. This helps reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and aids in soil erosion control, weed suppression, and improved soil structure.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) is a winter annual legume used as a cover crop for nitrogen fixation, erosion control, and soil improvement. It is well suited to mild winter climates and can be integrated into various farming systems. It can be sown alone or in mixtures after the main crop is harvested. It covers the soil from late summer until spring and can be used as fodder or for green manure.
Its key function is nitrogen fixation through the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium). Through the winter it protects the soil from erosion, prevents nutrient leaching, and helps suppress weeds. The deep root system improves soil aeration and drainage. When terminated, it adds organic matter and nutrients to the soil, and its nectar-rich flowers attract pollinators and provide a habitat for beneficial predatory insects.
Crimson clover is often included in multi-year crop rotations. Activities include light tillage or no-till. Sowing usually takes place in late August to early September - or at least 6 to 8 weeks before the first frost. Fertilization with mineral nitrogen is not required, but phosphorus and potassium can help in establishment. Minimal maintenance is needed as these plants suppress weeds and reduce pests, but some fungal diseases may occur in wet conditions. Termination involves mowing or rolling at 50% bloom and then herbicides, or it can be incorporated as green manure.
Farmers value crimson clover for its multiple benefits including cost savings from reduced fertilizer use. Livestock farmers use it for forage. Some challenges may arise in colder climates, and when the soil is wet or compacted.
Under trials, the use of crimson clover as a cover crop to supply nitrogen was compared with a ryegrass cover crop and with fallow land, where no cover crops were used. The seeds were sown during two periods—early (August) and late (September)—and the cover crops were not further fertilized. The cover crops were terminated before sowing maize. The fallow area and the ryegrass area were fertilized according to the requirements of maize (215 kg N/ha) and soil analysis (for P and K). Half of the crimson clover area received no N fertilization, and the other half received only half of the required N. The maize crop was monitored by measuring soil, maize growth, grain yield, whole plant weight, and root weight. Crimson clover contributed between 61.6 and 78.6 kg of symbiotically fixed N ha⁻¹. The total soil amount of N accumulated by crimson clover was 100.7 kg N ha⁻¹, twice as much as under Italian ryegrass. The maize grain yields were significantly the lowest (10.9 t DM grain ha⁻¹) where crimson clover was sown early and the maize received no additional N. When crimson clover was used and maize was fertilized with half the N rate, grain yields were equivalent to those obtained on plots that received the full N rate (Italian ryegrass 13.5 t DM ha⁻¹, and the bare fallow control 13.4 t DM ha⁻¹).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2024

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The European Innovation Partnership (EIP) projects for agricultural productivity and sustainability (EIP-AGRI) enable exchange of knowledge for agriculture, forestry, and rural areas. The technology was introduced on these farms through the EIP project: "Integration of Cover Crops in Crop Rotation – Possibilities for Replacing Nitrogen from Mineral Fertilizers in Fertilization of the Next Crop"

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Although primary cause of technology is natural nitrogen supply, the technology indirectly addressed also the soul erosion.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EUR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.85

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

None

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

None

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Stubble preparation (tillage) for crimson clover + sowing (stages 1 and 2 in diagram)	August (or September)
2.	Mechanical cover crop termination and soil preparation before maize sowing (stage 3 in diagram)	end of April
3.	Sowing of maize (stage 4 in diagram)	May
4.	Fertilisation (part of stage 4 in diagram)	May, June
5.	Hoeing and weed control (herbicide) (stage 5 in diagram)	May, June
6.	Harvest (maize) (stage 6 in diagram)	October
7.	Drying (maize) (part of stage 6 in diagram)	October

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	All labour costs	hour	6.0	15.0	90.0	100.0
设备	Stubble preparation for crimson clover (tillage)	ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
设备	Sowing of crimson clover	ha	1.0	46.3	46.3	100.0
设备	Mechanical termination of the crimson clover	ha	1.0	37.5	37.5	100.0
设备	Tillage and seed bed preparation for maize	ha	1.0	60.0	60.0	100.0
设备	Maize sowing	ha	1.0	60.0	60.0	100.0
设备	Maize hoeing and weed control	ha	1.0	60.0	60.0	100.0
设备	Maize harvesting	ha	1.0	140.0	140.0	100.0
植物材料	Crimson clover seed	ha	28.0	3.5	98.0	100.0
植物材料	Maize seed	ha	1.0	290.0	290.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	150.0	150.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Herbicide	ha	1.0	80.0	80.0	100.0
其它	Drying of maize grain	all harvest	1.0	428.0	428.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1589.8
技术维护总成本，美元					1870.35

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

1561.8

注释:

The above calculation is for combination of crimson clover cover crop and half the amount of nitrogen fertilizer (107 kg/ha) for maize production. This technology had similar grain production (13.7 t/ha) as full application of mineral nitrogen (215 kg/ha) with combination of fallow land or ryegrass as cover crop. The revenue for this technology from selling the grain was 2877 €/ha (0.21 €/kg). Crimson clover with no additional mineral fertilisation for maize had significantly lower yields (10.9 t/ha) and thus lower revenue per hectare (2289 €/ha; 0.21 €/kg of grain). For crops which need less nitrogen than corn, the additional mineral N fertilisation would not be necessary and so costs would be lower. Farmers get 180 € of basic subsidies per ha and further 148 € per ha for greening through the winter (EU CAP).

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Most important factors affecting the costs are the price of seeds and machinery hours.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The test fields were on different soil types:
- Eutric alluvial soils pH 6,6-7,2
- Dystric brown soils on non calcareous sandy gravel sediments, pH4,6-5,5
- Eutric brown soils on alluvial-colluvial sediments and deluvium, pH 5,6-6,5

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

In Slovenia all drinking water is treated by chlorine. If we compare it to the rest of the world, we have good drinking water, but we never use it untreated.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Under the cover crop area soil biodiversity is high. Regarding overall habitat, the test areas are in intensive agricultural areas, that is why the habitat biodiversity which is otherwise high in Slovenia, is rated as moderate.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 租赁

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

Land use rights in Slovenia are primarily based on modern statutory law, not traditional or customary law. The main frameworks are the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, the Law of Property Code (Stvarnopravni zakonik, SPZ), the Agricultural Land Act (Zakon o kmetijskih zemljiščih, ZKZ), and the Spatial Planning and Building Acts (Zakon o urejanju prostora, Gradbeni zakon, etc.).

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

On-site impacts included direct field measurements and expert judgements/ predictions on the basis of data from this and previous experiments.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Off-site impacts are predicted by expert judgements/ predictions on the basis of data from this and previous experiments.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季节性温度	夏季	增加	适度
季节性温度	冬季	增加	好
季雨量	夏季	减少	不好
季雨量	冬季	减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雹灾	适度

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	不好
干旱	不好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

They are mostly motivated by subsidies, so spontaneous adoption is a small percentage.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Lower costs for mineral fertilizers, subsidies for seeds
Good for soil health
Good for water absorption

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Climate change adaptation
Soil improvement - increase in organic matter, soil biodiversity, water capacity
Fixation of nitrogen form air, less mineral fertilisers

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Drought during the seeding of catch crop	earlier or later sowing - however it has an impact anyway
Additional work (compared to bare fallow)	combined machinery (soil preparation + sowing combined)
Risk of frost if the crimson clover is too big going into winter	sowing and mulching at right time

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Not applicable for all main crops - early spring crops do not get the same benefits as late spring/summer crops	for early spring crops other nitrogen fixings plants can be used.
Nitrogen runoff if no main crop follows after crimson clover destruction	always plant main crop right away

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

GSELMAN, Anastazija, LISEC, Urška, KOROŠEC, Tamara, PODVRŠNIK, Miran. S prezimnimi metuljnicami do nadomeščanja dušika iz mineralnih gnojil = Winter legumes as a substitute for nitrogen from mineral fertilisers. V: ČEH, Tatjana (ur.), KAPUN, Stanko (ur.). 32. mednarodno znanstveno posvetovanje o prehrani domačih živali [tudi] Zadravčevi-Erjavčevi dnevi 2024 = 32nd International Scientific Symposium on Nutrition of Farm Animals [being] Zadravec-Erjavec Days 2024 : zbornik predavanj = proceedings : Murska Sobota, 14. in 15. november 2024, 14th and 15th November 2024. Murska Sobota: Kmetijsko gozdarska zbornica Slovenije, Kmetijsko gozdarski zavod, 2024. Str. 61-66, graf. prikazi. ISBN 978-961-96187-7-6. [COBISS.SI-ID 215866371]

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

in various Slovenian libraries - in Slovene

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Website

URL:

https://dosevki.um.si/

7.4 一般注释

Just a remark on question formulation: the instructions in section 6.1 appear a bit ambiguous when the response scale for some specific questions appears "reversed" in relation to the guideline parameter - such as "soil crusting" where a negative value is in fact a positive outcome.