1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

ICARDA Institutional Knowledge Management Initiative

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Gradoni orchard terraces are intermittent strips of contour-based structures separated by catchments of about 10 metres. They are designed to capture and hold rainwater, reduce erosion, and improve conditions for the cultivation (in this case) of almond and pistachio trees, thereby enhancing land productivity and climate resilience in dryland areas.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Qashqadaryo Province in southern Uzbekistan experiences a hot, dry summer and a mild winter. Combined with unsustainable land management practices, climatic stresses have exacerbated land degradation and made local livelihoods increasingly vulnerable.
As part of the Food Systems, Land Use and Restoration (FOLUR) project, the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) designed and tested rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures to combat land degradation and enhance rural livelihoods. These RWH structures support vegetation growth, reduce surface runoff, prevent erosion, and restore soil health—thereby reversing degradation and improving agricultural productivity.
The intervention site, covering approximately 1.6 hectares, is characterized by shallow clay soils (5–25 cm deep).
Gradoni orchard terraces (“intermittent terraces” or “step terraces”) were used. These small contour-based earth structures are separated by catchments of about 10 metres. They are designed to capture and hold rainwater, reduce erosion, and improve conditions for the cultivation – in this case of almond and pistachio.
Two variations were implemented depending on the slope gradient: one with stone-reinforced risers on steep slopes (20–25%), and the other with earth risers on moderate slopes (12–19%). The terraces are sited about 10 meters apart on contour lines, and the terrace beds are only 1-1.5 metres wide and the risers 0.25-0.5 metres high. Along each back-sloping terrace bed, 5 metres spacing between trees was considered optimal.
Following site assessment, data collection, and detailed design calculations, implementation commenced. Although a grader was initially preferred for terrace construction, an older local tractor was used due to its better manoeuvrability on the steep terrain. The tractor ploughed the land using a two-mouldboard plough, after which manual labour, guided by technical experts, shaped the terraces. To accommodate natural contour variability, the terraces were not continuous – but gaps were left between them.
During a week of implementation, 25 Gradoni terraces were constructed, of which eight were stone-reinforced. Around 340 almond and pistachio trees were planted. Two workers had spent two days marking contour lines, while ten others worked for four days to finalize the terraces after the tractor had loosened the soil. The estimated lifespan of the terraces is around 20 years without maintenance, with the stone-reinforced ones expected to last even longer.
Land users expressed optimism about the prospect of improved incomes from almond and pistachio yields, especially considering the previously low or non-existent production due to severe land degradation and lack of water.
Maintenance requirements are expected to be minimal. Experts highlighted the terraces' role in capturing and retaining rainwater, which supports vegetation regeneration and contributes significantly to reversing and preventing further land degradation. By improving water availability, the intervention strengthens the community’s ability to withstand droughts, thereby securing income in the face of climate variability. The introduction of pistachio and almond cultivation provides a new and valuable source of income for local land users. These tree crops are well-suited to the arid environment and are inherently drought-resilient, making them an ideal choice for sustaining agricultural productivity under increasingly dry conditions.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2024

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

There are ideas to include some crop production/cultivation between the terraces. To enhance production as well as soil conservation.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施
• 集水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Start of field activities: Site setup, contour line marking by 2 workers	20 September
2.	Continuation of contour marking	21 September
3.	Tractor plowing using a chain tractor with 2-moldboard plow	22 September
4.	Manual terrace formation by 10 laborers; shaping and adjusting terraces	23–26 September
5.	Tree planting – approximately 340 pistachio and almond trees planted	25–26 September

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Contour marking	Person-days	4.0
劳动力	Terrace shaping	Person-days	40.0
劳动力	Stone reinforcement	Person-days	8.0
劳动力	Tree planting	Person-days	8.0
劳动力	Supervision	Person-days	5.0
设备	Tractor + plough/grader	Machine-Days	2.0
植物材料	Seedlings	Number	340.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Manure	kg	1350.0
施工材料	Stones	m3	120.0
其它	total cost		1.0	3200.0	3200.0
技术建立所需总成本					3200.0
技术建立总成本，美元					3200.0

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

3300.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Project

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Inspections and incidental repairs	Throughout year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Inspection and incidental repairs	person-days	2.0			100.0

注释:

It is not quantified and evidenced but 10-25% of establishment is typically considered the yearly cost of maintenance.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The farmer using the land is an employee at the forestry department.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

• Water not available

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Expert judgement

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Expert judgement

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	好

注释:

Expert judgement

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Expectations

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Gradoni terraces provide a stable planting bed ideal for perennial, drought-resistant tree crops like pistachio and almond. These trees not only stabilize the soil further but also offer long-term income opportunities, enhancing both ecological resilience and rural livelihoods.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
By breaking the slope into small, level steps, Gradoni terraces significantly reduce the velocity of surface runoff. This minimizes soil erosion and helps restore degraded lands, especially on sloping terrain, making previously unproductive land usable again.
Gradoni terraces capture and slow down rainwater runoff, allowing it to infiltrate into the soil rather than flow away. This increases soil moisture availability, which is especially critical in arid and semi-arid environments, supporting better plant growth and reducing drought vulnerability.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The construction of terraces—especially on steep slopes with stone reinforcement—can require significant manual labor and materials upfront.	Expand over time

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
If terraces are not properly aligned with contour lines, water may concentrate and cause erosion or structural failure.	Introduce intentional breaks in the terrace line, as done in this project, to relieve pressure where alignment may be imperfect.
The construction of terraces—especially on steep slopes with stone reinforcement—can require significant manual labor and materials upfront.	Mobilize community participation and use local labor to reduce costs.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Oweis, T. and Haddad, M. 2023. Rainwater Harvesting Design Manual: Micro-catchment Systems for Drylands Agriculture. Lebanon, Beirut: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/10568/169777

标题/说明:

Sheng, T. C. (1989). Soil conservation for small farmers in the humid tropics (FAO Soils Bulletin). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

URL:

https://ia601300.us.archive.org/6/items/bub_gb_uLX80osg3rUC/bub_gb_uLX80osg3rUC.pdf

标题/说明:

Critchley, W. & Siegert, K., (1991). Water Harvesting: A Manual for the Design and Construction of Water Harvesting Schemes for Plant Production. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome

URL:

https://www.fao.org/3/U3160E/U3160E00.htm