Cолнечеые теплицы [Tajikistan]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Rustam Kalandarov
- Editor: –
- Reviewer: David Streiff
Гармхонаи офтоби
technologies_1032 - Tajikistan
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Youth Ecological Center, Tajikistan (Youth Ecological Center, Tajikistan) - Tajikistan1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
When were the data compiled (in the field)?
28/04/2011
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Ja
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Выращивание культур в закрытом грунте, получение урожая круглый год
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
Производство овощей в закрытом грунте, при снижении тепло потерь за счёт применения теплоизоляции и максимального использования пассивной солнечной энергии. В этом теплицы можно использовать круглый год не зависимо от погодных условиях особенно зимой можно выращивать овощных культур за счёт тепло хранение самого теплицы без использование горючих материалов.За вегетационный пириди можно получит 3 - 4 урожая.
Purpose of the Technology: Предохранение высаженных растений от весенних и осенних похолоданий и даже заморозка, естественное продления вегетативного периода для созревания растений и получении продукции круглый год.
Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Выбор конструкции теплицы, выбор культур, эффективное проветривание и полив, ведение агротехники, борьба с заболеваниями против вредителей и болезней. Уход за почвой: обновление, дезинфекция почв, мульчирование, биогумус и капельное орошение в теплицах.
Natural / human environment: В условиях экстремального климата, засолённых почв, непредсказуемой погоды (заморозков), дефицита воды эксплуатируется многолет этот вид теплицы.
2.3 Photos of the Technology
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
Tajikistan
Region/ State/ Province:
Таджикистан
Further specification of location:
Хатлонская область, Носири Хусравский рн
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- less than 10 years ago (recently)
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- through land users' innovation
- through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):
2005 г. построена первая экспериментальная теплица на основе чертежей интернета. в дальнейшем технология была адаптирована фермерами с применением новаций- дождевания, более выгодного дизайна и пр.
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- improve production
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
Cropland
- Annual cropping
Settlements, infrastructure
Comments:
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Это технология ползуется в условиях засолённой почвы, дефицит воды для полива растении, также предусмотрено при изменение климата
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Способ интенсивного землепользования и получения раннего урожая
Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping
Constraints of settlement / urban
If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:
Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping
3.3 Further information about land use
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- mixed rainfed-irrigated
Comments:
Water supply: смешанное богарно-орошаемое, смешанное богарно-орошаемое, полностью орошаемое
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 2
Specify:
Longest growing period in days: 150
Longest growing period from month to month: декабрь- апрель
Second longest growing period in days: 180
Second longest growing period from month to month: март - август
3.5 Spread of the Technology
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
- < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
agronomic measures
- A1: Vegetation/ soil cover
vegetative measures
- V5: Others
structural measures
- S6: Walls, barriers, palisades, fences
management measures
- M2: Change of management/ intensity level
Comments:
Main measures: structural measures
Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, management measures
Type of agronomic measures: ранняя посадка, сменное возделывание культур, мульчирование, навоз / компост / остатки, ротация / под паром, разрушение уплотненного верхнего слоя почвы, обработка почвы без оборачивания пласта
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
soil erosion by wind
- Et: loss of topsoil
physical soil deterioration
- Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities
biological degradation
- Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
Comments:
Main type of degradation addressed: Фб (Pu): потеря биопродуктивной функции из-за других деятельностей
Secondary types of degradation addressed: Эв (Et): потеря верхнего слоя почвы, Бк (Bq): уменьшение количества / биомассы
Main causes of degradation: изменение температуры (адаптации к изменению климата), засуха (в случае засухи экономия воды), бедность / богатство (доход от теплицы), наличие работы
Secondary causes of degradation: управление землеи
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
Comments:
Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land
Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing
На рисунке отображена схема солнечной теплицы. Так ,как это теплица отличается от других обычных тем что у этого ест три стены по назначению. Каждая сторона стенки должно правильна расположенный точна как по схеме по направлению солнце. Основная стена является как тепло сохраняющий покрашено чёрным краской. боковая стена покрашен белым краской это как отражатель солнечного луча . Крыша покрывается полиэтиленовым пленкой.
Location: Южный таджикистан. Н.Хисравский район
Date: 2011. 05.0 5.
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: средний
Technical knowledge required for land users: средний (нужны базовые знания по агротехнике)
Main technical functions: искуственная консервация почвы
Secondary technical functions: контроль дождевых брызгов, улучшение земляного покрова, повышение органического вещества, повышение наличия питательных веществ (снабжение, переработка отходов,...), сбор воды / повышение водоснабжения, повышение биомассы (количество)
Early planting
Remarks: практически круглогодично
Relay cropping
Remarks: 3-4 раза в году
Rotations / fallows
Remarks: обновление раз в 3 года
Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: Др: другие
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.7
Change of land use type
4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify currency used for cost calculations:
- US Dollars
4.4 Establishment activities
Activity | Type of measure | Timing | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | выращивание рассады в горшочках | Vegetative | |
2. | выращивание рассады в горшочках | Vegetative | |
3. | высадка рассады | Vegetative | |
4. | высадка рассады | Vegetative | |
5. | полив, агроуход | Vegetative | |
6. | полив, агроуход | Vegetative | |
7. | борьба с заболеваниями | Management | None |
8. | борьба с заболеваниями | ||
9. | вертикальная подвязка | ||
10. | обучение фермеров | периодически |
4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | None | None | 100.0 | 5.0 | 500.0 | 50.0 |
Labour | None | None | 10.0 | 20.0 | 200.0 | 50.0 |
Labour | None | None | 1.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 50.0 |
Labour | None | None | 10.0 | 130.0 | 1300.0 | |
Plant material | None | None | 10.0 | 50.0 | 500.0 | 50.0 |
Plant material | None | None | 10.0 | 20.0 | 200.0 | 50.0 |
Plant material | None | None | 10.0 | 20.0 | 200.0 | 50.0 |
Construction material | None | None | 10.0 | 100.0 | 1000.0 | 50.0 |
Total costs for establishment of the Technology | 4000.0 |
4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Type of measure | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | проветривание, полив, температурный режим | Agronomic | постоянно |
2. | смена почвы, улучшение плодородия | Agronomic | раз в 3 года |
3. | борьба с заболеваниями растений | Agronomic | по сезонно |
4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | None | None | 10.0 | 200.0 | 2000.0 | 50.0 |
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology | 2000.0 |
Comments:
Machinery/ tools: оборудование для сбора воды, опрыскиватели
4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
труд- добровольный вклад
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
- arid
Thermal climate class: subtropics
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
- low (<1%)
5.4 Water availability and quality
Ground water table:
5-50 m
Availability of surface water:
medium
Water quality (untreated):
poor drinking water (treatment required)
5.5 Biodiversity
Species diversity:
- medium
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Market orientation of production system:
- mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
- 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- poor
- average
Individuals or groups:
- individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
- manual work
Gender:
- women
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:
Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, commercial/ market
5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
- small-scale
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- communal/ village
- individual, not titled
Land use rights:
- communal (organized)
- leased
5.9 Access to services and infrastructure
health:
- poor
- moderate
- good
education:
- poor
- moderate
- good
technical assistance:
- poor
- moderate
- good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
- poor
- moderate
- good
markets:
- poor
- moderate
- good
energy:
- poor
- moderate
- good
roads and transport:
- poor
- moderate
- good
drinking water and sanitation:
- poor
- moderate
- good
financial services:
- poor
- moderate
- good
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
crop production
risk of production failure
product diversity
Income and costs
farm income
diversity of income sources
Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
situation of socially and economically disadvantaged groups
Ecological impacts
Water cycle/ runoff
harvesting/ collection of water
evaporation
Soil
soil cover
nutrient cycling/ recharge
soil organic matter/ below ground C
6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)
Gradual climate change
Gradual climate change
Season | Type of climatic change/ extreme | How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|---|---|
annual temperature | increase | not well |
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
local rainstorm | not known |
local windstorm | not known |
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
drought | well |
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
general (river) flood | not well |
Other climate-related consequences
Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
reduced growing period | well |
понижению температуры | well |
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
slightly positive
Long-term returns:
positive
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- more than 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 0-10%
Comments:
100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
15 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
быстрые выгоды для получение овощных культур зимних и неблагоприятных погода How can they be sustained / enhanced? по мере возможности использования теплиц по расчоту от 10 до 15 лет |
защита от изменения климата |
технология разработан на долгосрочный использования для адаптации к изменения климата How can they be sustained / enhanced? при случиях дефицита воды или повешения или понижения температур максимально можно использовать для получении продукции |
6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
высокая стоимость конструкции и материалов | компромисс между стоимостью и неэффективностью |
теплица рассчитан для вырашивание овощных культур | разрабатывается другая технология |
7. References and links
7.2 References to available publications
Title, author, year, ISBN:
www.ecocentre.tj
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