1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

INIDA (INIDA) - Cape Verde

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Nee

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Vegetative measure based on the planting of the bush, Leucaena leucocephala, on line along the level curves in the steep slopes

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The technique consists of planting rows of Leucaena leucocephala in the level curves along the slopes. This legume has high rate of reproduction and the permanence of their seeds in the soil can reach 10 years before germination. It is very resistant to fire and to pruning. Can reach 4m in height and if not controlled, can invade a field of culture. The plant has great potential for feeding of livestock (protein (21-26% DM), fiber (15-25% of crude cellulose MS) vary depending on the age of the plant)

Purpose of the Technology: The planting in curves level is to achieve the stabilization and restoration of degraded soil. The technique reduces the runoff, retain sediment, solid, incorporates greater quantity of organic matter in the soil, promotes infiltration and covering the soil with vegetation.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Its installation requires a medium level of technical knowledge to marking the curves level where it will install. Planting is done in a simple way of transplanting a plant nursery to the ground. It is easy to spread a culture, its management after the fruit must be rigorous, ensuring that the fields become invasive. The early harvest fruit is an option to take into consideration when implementing this technique. The bar between the plant is 1m and the distance between the bands is associated with 5m.Sometimes it is ssociated with olds small punch to rehabilitating that structure.

Natural / human environment: The top of the slopes where they practice pluvial agriculture is more susceptible to soil erosion because of its steep slopes and the inappropriate cultivation techniques carried out there, is the area of higher prevalence of this technique. The production of Leucaena is used both for animal feed as a source for energy (firewood).

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

It was introduced by FIDA project around 1990.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The loss of soil by runoff, influenced by its low coverage, reducing their fertility and their thickness
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The loss of soil by runoff, low productive soils, low organic matter

3.3 Further information about land use

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 90, Longest growing period from month to month: Aug - Oct

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• improved ground/ vegetation cover
• cross-slope measure

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 4.8 km2.
The technology is used, mostly in arid and semi arid zones, mainly in the sous bassins of the Godim. In sous bassins of Longueira has been increasingly important.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (It is cultivated corn and peanuts on land slopes very pronounced and boot up the plants by the root in end of the cycle), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (There are many crusts exposed, because of loss of soil, reducing infiltration of water), poverty / wealth (Leads sensitized peoples to advocate action against the landscape for survival of the family), education, access to knowledge and support services (Knowledge and technical training increase the options for means of survival of the community that acts on the forest, the degree of attending school is low and the illiteracy rate is 17%)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Creation of the wild animals compact the soil, destroying the structures for the conservation of soil and water exists, and creates conflict), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Sometimes heavy rains (intensity) that occur associated with poor vegetation cover, increase soil erosion), governance / institutional (Lack of applicability of the laws that manage the land)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Barreiras Vivas of Leucaena. Shows the coverage of the soil made by its roots.

Location: Praia. Cabo Verde

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (It's needed sufficient knowledge to make a mark in level curves)
Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting
Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 5000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3-5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.4

Trees/ shrubs species: Leucaena leucocephala
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30-60%
Gradient along the rows / strips: 50%

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

ECV

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

80.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Market of the level curves(5 to 5m)	Vegetative	June
2.	Planting	Vegetative	end July

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	171.85	171.85
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	62.5	62.5	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings	ha	1.0	3750.0	3750.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					3984.35

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Harvest of the leucaena fruits before theirs ripening	Vegetative	1 time, in November
2.	Pruning	Vegetative	1 time in April to May

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	6.24	6.24	100.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					11.24

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Cavale used to level the surfaces; Knife; machete

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The cost of seedlings is the more diterminate cost, but the seedlings is produced by the project in arboretum, before de planting when it,s transplanted to the soil. The cust of the production in arboretum is more less than the seedlings cust.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (Ranked 1, this value belonging to the stratum semi-arid to sub-humid) and 501-1000 m a.s.l. (ranked 2, includes mainly the cliffs and ridges)
Landforms: Mountain slopes (ranked 1, technique applied to both concave and convex situations) and ridges (ranked 2, the hazards associeted of a convex situations, does not allow its application in)
Slopes on average: Steep (ranked 1, the SE-NE part of Ribeira Seca is the most sloping) and hilly (ranked 2)

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Very shallow (ranked 1, this depth is associated with the sloping hillsides used for rainfull agriculture) and shallow (ranked 2, found mainly in the valley bottoms of the downstream)
Soil texture: Medium (ranked 1, the soil texture varies with the physiographic position of the area. The Argyle decreases when climbs the slopes(15,4 to 15); the lime also decreases - fine lime (15,3 to 14,6), thick lime (11,0 to 9) and coarse/light (ranked 2, the soil overlay mainly basaltic rocks, piroclastic, conglomerates and aluvial deposits)
Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1) and low (ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium (ranked 1, It's compatness coefficient is 1,31) and good (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: 5-50m (Ranked 1, in rain months, it is more superficial than in the dry months) and <50m (ranked 2)
Availability of surface water: Poor/none (It existe just when it's raining)
Water quality (untreated): poor drinking water (treatment required, salinization of water due to over exploitation of wells and boreholes, ranked 1) and good drinking water (ranked 2)

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

In the occidental side of the área, where the hotspot, the landscape is greener and much rich in species (fauna and flora). Nevertheless, on the side facing W or the oriental side, the ecosystems are

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: > 4%
(With income supirior than $10000 by year).
(Income more or equal than $7500 by year).
(Income equal or less than $3750 by year).
(Income less than $2000 by year).

Off-farm income specification: The land users who apply the technology are mostly exclarecidas and more young people than those who did not implement the technique
Market orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1, it's produced by the poors end very poor land users) and mixed (ranked 2, The majurity of thats production is maked by the richs end the average land users)
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (ranked 1, it's used the family manual labour to the farms works in subsistence production) and mechanised (ranked 2, it´s not much used because it's expensive, and so much land are not gatway to them)

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state
• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)
• individual

Comments:

The land uses is majurity esed by the sistem of rent a farm. Low percentage of owners, is land users of theirs area

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not known

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

The maintenance costs occur in the some time with the benefits of the tecnique are feeling by the land user

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

375 households and 100% of the area covered

Comments:

85% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
320 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: The maintenance costs occur in the some time with the benefits of the tecnique are feeling by the land user

15% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
53 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: Someone who have implimented the tecnology with external support, today, they make it in others parcels of land voluntarily, like some others that never receive any external support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: There are some land users that don't like that tecnology, but 80% who implement it says that it's ggod and that thesecret is a good manegement

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Stabilizes the soil, and increases the organic matter
Provides forage green almost all year for cattle. Once dead, produces firewood

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Retencion of sidement
Soil stabilization and improvement of its structure

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Reduction in of the cultivation area , when the Leucaena invade the field.	Be always alert to the operations of Leucaenas punch.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Requires a strict maintenance, so that they are spread and infest the entire agricultural field	Technical assistance to farmers, warning them, through community radio stations, the arrival of the harvest season of the pods of Leucaena and the other cultural operations due
Its control is extremely difficult and costly in terms of resistance to the kind of garden and fire
It can generate conflict between users of adjacent land , because its propagacion is easy

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Cape Verde water and soil consevation/ Sabino, António Advino,1984

Available from where? Costs?

Cape Verde

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Desertification at the Santiago Island, Desire, 2008

Available from where? Costs?

Cape Verde

Title, author, year, ISBN:

QUIBB 2007, INE, 2007

Available from where? Costs?

Cape Verde