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Technologies
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Water retention polders without agriculture to improve water management [Germany]

Ungenutzter Polder zur Verbesserung des Wassermanagements (Nordsee Region)

technologies_1582 - Germany

Completeness: 82%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Kleyer Michael

+49 441 7980

michael.kleyer@uni-oldenburg.de

University of Oldenburg

Ammerländer Heerstraße 114, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany

Germany

SLM specialist:

Karrasch Leena

University of Oldenburg

Ammerländer Heerstraße 114, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany

Germany

SLM specialist:

Mayer Martin

+49 441 798 3075

martin.maier@uni-oldenburg.de

University of Oldenburg

Ammerländer Heerstraße 114, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
University of Oldenburg (University of Oldenburg) - Germany

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

09/06/2015

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Water retention polders to reduce flood risk due to heavy rainfall or runoff at high tide in coastal lowlands. The retention polders are used to accumulate organic material for climate change mitigation and enable development of undisturbed natural habitats, rather than for agriculture.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

In the 19th and 20th century land was reclaimed from the sea to make use of the exposed fertile soils for agriculture through a process known as ‘impoldering’. The reclaimed land is now characterized by intensive grazing and cropland. This is a region where agriculture is the most important form of land use. However, the land needs to be regularly drained. Given the expected increase in precipitation in winter due to climate change, the corresponding increase in freshwater discharge needs to be managed. Furthermore, the periods when natural discharge into the sea oc-curs are likely to decrease – because of rising sea levels also caused by climate change. Consequently, in winter and spring, greater quantities of freshwater will need to be pumped into the sea rather than discharged naturally at the low or ‘ebb’ tide. Specially embanked water retention polders will be required to temporarily impound water as part of a multifunctional approach to coastal zone management.

Purpose of the Technology: These retention polders could be a cost-effective alternative to expensive invest-ments in extra pumping capacities to prevent submergence of low-lying cultivated areas. The primary aim is to restrict floods to the retention polders when the drain-age network is overburdened and cannot deal with the predicted extra demands in the future. The high evapotranspiration from the open waterbody, and the reeds growing within, will also help with reducing the amount of water. During dry sum-mers, the water in the retention polder could also be put to creative use as a source of irrigation. Another potential advantage is that subsurface saltwater intrusion in the region could be prevented by the freshwater-filled polders. During extreme storm surges and in the rare case of breaches in the sea wall, the retention polders would serve as an extra line of defence by holding seawater.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: An embankment enclosing approx. 3,000 ha will be able to store up to 25,000,000 m³ water. This will improve the drainage of an area of approx. 49,000 ha. The invest-ment for building this water retention area is high – but for the reasons stated it serves a necessary purpose at a cost which is lower than the alternative – increased pumped drainage installations. Maintenance costs will be lower than the drainage alternative as only the integrity of the embankment needs to be monitored regularly. However within the proposed retention polders – the areas enclosed by the em-bankment - no agricultural activity will take place. This will lead to a change from the current intensive grazing for dairy farming and cropland to non-agricultural use. And therefore a development towards swamps, reed stands and open waters will take place. It is expected that a development to undisturbed natural habitats will increase the number of endangered species. There will be an accumulation of or-ganic material (and organic carbon) in the form of peat due to the wet conditions within the retention polders. Carbon will be sequestered by plant growth and thus reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The natural regeneration within the embanked areas will be attractive for tourism and recreation, which should provide an opportunity for additional income generation for the local population.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Germany

Region/ State/ Province:

Germany, Lower Saxony

Further specification of location:

Landkreis Aurich

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • during experiments/ research
  • through projects/ external interventions

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Grazing land

Grazing land

Intensive grazing/ fodder production:
  • Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing
  • Improved pastures
Main animal species and products:

Main species improved pasture: Cattle for milk and meat
Main species cut and carry/ zero grazing: cows for milk

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

  • Agro-pastoralism
Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Flood events and droughts may substantially disrupt the current land use system in the future and lead to higher drainage costs and higher economic risks for agricultural production. This will reduce the ecological and economic viability of the current intensive and highly productive land use under a changing climate.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): There is no awareness of risks due to climate change.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Other: Oo: Other: wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines): needs to be adapted to regular flooding

Constraints of recreation(landscape is used for reacreation and tourism): change in landscape due to retention area

Constraints of nature conservation areas (protected sites): wetter conditions in retention area

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Mixed: Mp: Agro-pastoralism

3.3 Further information about land use

Comments:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 240 Longest growing period from month to month: March to October

Livestock density (if relevant):

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)
  • wetland protection/ management
  • Flood prevention

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 33.7 m2.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

structural measures

  • S5: Dams, pans, ponds
management measures

management measures

  • M1: Change of land use type
  • M2: Change of management/ intensity level
Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cs: salinization/ alkalinization
water degradation

water degradation

  • Hs: change in quantity of surface water
  • Hg: change in groundwater/aquifer level
  • Hq: decline of groundwater quality
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Hs: change in quantity of surface water

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cs: salinisation / alkalinisation, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level, Hq: decline of groundwater quality

Main causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall (Climate change, higher rainfall in winter, lower in summer), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall in winter due to climate change expected), floods (Flooding due to heavy rainfall in winter)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (Droughts due to less rainfall in summer (climate change)), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Sea level rise)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Udo Schotten

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

The figure shows the study region, located on the North Sea coast. The whole area is protected by a sea wall (grey). Crop fields (yellow), grasslands (green) and the drainage system (light blue) char-acterize the region. Large water bodies (blue) sur-rounded by reeds (brown) act as water retention polders. Vegetative regeneration, build-up of peat and re-establishment of natural habitats occurs within the retention polders. The land around the retention polders (the higher parts of the land-scape) profits from the retention areas as the risk of flooding is reduced and can be used for cropland and intensive grazing. Depending on the size of the retention area a huge amount of excess water can be contained. Retention areas of 3,000 ha are able to store up to 25,000,000 m³ water. The height of the dams depends on the elevation of the landscape but in general a height of less than 2 m is sufficient.

Location: Krummhörn. County of Aurich, Lower Saxony

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (To generate income in the retention area (without existing agricultural methods))

Technical knowledge required for Water board: high (To build a new adapted drainage system with retention areas)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater

Dam/ pan/ pond
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 13000

Construction material (earth): sand core and clay cover

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 25000000m3

Catchment area: 49000ham2

Beneficial area: 49000ham2

Other specifications: size of retention area (embanked area): 3,000.00 ha

Change of land use type: The former pastures and crop fields will not be used any more. Cessation of land use will take place.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: No more agricultural land use within the retention areas. The wetter conditions will lead to peat accumulation

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Euro

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

0.94

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

100.00

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Building of dams Structural during winter months

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour Dam 1.0 10000000.0 10000000.0
Equipment Machine use Dam 1.0 4000000.0 4000000.0
Construction material Earth Dam 1.0 112000.0 112000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 14112000.0
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 3 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. Control of dams Structural once a year
2. Maintenance of dams Structural once a year
3. Maintanance of drainage system Structural once a year

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour Dam 1.0 500.0 500.0
Equipment Machine use Dam 1.0 200.0 200.0
Construction material Earth Dam 1.0 100.0 100.0 1.0
Other Maintenance per km ditch Dam 1.0 2270.7 2270.7
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 3070.7
Comments:

Machinery/ tools: digger, open truck

The main investment is based on a dam length of 30 km to build up the retention area of a size of 3 000 ha. The length of the drainage network for the whole watershed is 1,074 km. Within the retention area no maintenance of the drainage network is necessary as there is no agricultural land use and drainage is not maintained any more. Maintenance costs of drainage network are based on long term annual mean cost of 2,270.72 Euro per km including pumping costs.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The establishment costs are for the whole retention area (3 000 ha). The establishment period will be half a year.
Mainly the elevation in the region determines the costs as the height of the dams depend on the elevation. Typical heights are 1 m up to 2 m with a slope of 1:3.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • high (>3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertiliuty is high
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

< 5 m

Availability of surface water:

good

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • employee (company, government)
Level of mechanization:
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

1% of the land users are very rich and own 1% of the land.
50% of the land users are rich and own 24% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 50% of the land.
and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Many farmers do additional work in industry or servicing sector

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • large-scale
Comments:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 5-15 ha, 15-50 ha, 50-100 ha, 50-100 ha, 100-500 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, not titled
Land use rights:
  • individual

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Under wet conditions in the retention area a crop production is not possible any more.

fodder production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Under wet conditions in the retention area an intensive fodder production is not possible any more.

fodder quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Under wet conditions in the retention area the optiomal fodder quality can not ensured any more.

risk of production failure

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Regarding crops: The retention area is used for excess water and may be flooded during growing season.

Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Only adjusted land use takes place, therefore the expenses are reduced nearly to 0.

farm income

decreased
increased

diversity of income sources

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Due to land use adapted to the conditions the typical land use is not possible and a diversitfication will take place with reed mowing and extensive grazing in the retention area.

Other socio-economic impacts

Intrusion by saline groundwater

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Diversification of landscape by building the retention area will increase the attractivity for recreation and tourists.

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Less intensive land use results in more diversity and conservation of regional species and habitats.

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved

Improved livelihoods and human well-being

Comments/ specify:

'Regional belonging' and 'feeling of safety' are measured. The amount of increase is modelled and will be added here.

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

water quantity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Typical for the region are wet situations. These typical wet conditions are restored by cessation of drainage system within the retention area.

water quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Updwelling of saline groundwater is prevented by increased water level in the retention area.

groundwater table/ aquifer

lowered
recharge
Comments/ specify:

By water in the retention are the recharge of groundwater will increase and prevent salinization.

evaporation

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Instead of pumping water into the sea a higher amount is evapotranspirated naturally.

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Typical for the region are wet situations. These typical wet conditions are restored by cessation of drainage system within the retention area.

salinity

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

By water in the retention are the recharge of groundwater will increase and prevent salinization.

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By wetter conditions the soil organic matter will be increased.

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased

plant diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By diversification of land use the number of species will be increased, especially due to extensive land use.

animal diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By diversification of land use the number of species will be increased, especially due to extensive land use.

beneficial species

decreased
increased

habitat diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By diversification of land use the number of habitats will be increased.

Climate and disaster risk reduction

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Modelled is the global warming potential by gas emissions. Not yet clear if it is benefit or disadvantage. Model will show.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

water availability

decreased
increased

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season

reduced
increased
Comments/ specify:

Water stored in retention area can be used for irrigation during dry summer months.

downstream flooding

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

Measured m3 of excess water in the catchment area, leading to floods or needs to be pumped. Exact values from modelling will be added as soon as possible!

damage on neighbours' fields

increased
reduced

damage on public/ private infrastructure

increased
reduced

Production area

Quantity before SLM:

49.000

Quantity after SLM:

48.400

Comments/ specify:

For the whole catchment area a loss of approx. 600 ha (size of retention area).

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm well
local windstorm well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period not known

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

very negative

Long-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

positive

Comments:

The benefits will be visible in the longer time frame. There will be benefits of the investments when considering sea level rise in the upcoming 100 years.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: The SLM Technology is not implemented by local land users but this SLM technology needs to be implemented by spatial planning of the county / federal state.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The SLM Technology is not yet implemented by land users but first it needs to be considered in spatial planning of the county and the federal state. Land users and local experts showed during participatory workshops that there may be a chance for implementation.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Protection of vulnerable landscape by building the retention area in the low elevated parts of the landscape that are up to date already difficult to drain. The retention area will support the drainage of the arable fields and pastures outside the retention area.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Combine with other technical solutions for protection against flooding (including strengthening of the ditch system and in-creasing pumping capacity).
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Prevention of flooding during strong rainfalls and possibility to irrigate during dry periods

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The larger the retention areas are the more water can be stored.
Prevention of salt water intrusion in the region. Fresh water in the retention areas prevent saline ground water from up dwelling

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Build polders where saline ground water dwells up.
Endangered species might obtain new habitats in the retention area

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Cessation of agricultural land use can help to improve the habitats for endangered species and increase attractiveness for tourism.
Through investments in building retention areas the very expensive strengthening of existing drainage structures is not necessary anymore

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Alternative benefits for land owner can be generated e.g. increas-ing the attractiveness for tourism.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Retention area in a region of high relevance for tourism. The retention area will change the landscape and this may reduce the value of the region for tourism Include interests from tourism in the retention area (access, information, attractivity).
Endangered species might lose habitats when establishing the retention polders Do not build a retention area where endangered species live.
Loss of livelihoods Retention areas should be planned for parts of the landscape without settlements.
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Loss of land for agricultural production Build up retention area in low elevated parts, where the productivity is already poor.
For peat formation wet conditions are necessary, but under wet conditions highest methane emissions were measured. The emissions due to methane are therefore higher than the potential storage effects due to carbon sequestration. Ground water levels should kept stable near to the soil surface.

7. References and links

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

http://www.comtess.uni-oldenburg.de/

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

http://www.comtess.uni-oldenburg.de/

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