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Technologies
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Water retention polders with adapted land use (North Sea region) [Germany]

Polder mit angepasster Nutzung zur Verbesserung des Wassermanagement (Nordsee Region)

technologies_1660 - Germany

Completeness: 78%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:

Kleyer Michael

michael.kleyer@uni-oldenburg.de

University of Oldenburg

26111 Oldenburg, Germany

Germany

SLM specialist:

Karrasch Leena

University of Oldenburg

26111 Oldenburg, Germany

Germany

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
University of Oldenburg (University of Oldenburg) - Germany

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

06/03/2015

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Water retaining polders to reduce flood risk from heavy rainfall or runoff at high tide in coastal lowlands. Alternative production systems will be viable within thesepolders.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

In the 19th and 20th century land was reclaimed from the sea to make use of the exposed fertile soils for agriculture through a process known as ‘impoldering’. The reclaimed land is now characterized by intensive grazing and cropland. This is a region where agriculture is the most important form of land use. However, the land needs to be regularly drained. Given the expected increase in precipitation in winter due to climate change, the corresponding increase in freshwater discharge needs to be managed. Furthermore, the periods when natural discharge into the sea oc-curs are likely to decrease – because of rising sea levels also caused by climate change. Consequently, in winter and spring, greater quantities of freshwater will need to be pumped into the sea rather than discharged naturally at the low or ‘ebb’ tide. Specially embanked water retention polders will be required to temporarily impound water as part of a multifunctional approach to coastal zone management.

Purpose of the Technology: These retention polders could be a cost-effective alternative to expensive invest-ments in extra pumping capacities to prevent submergence of low-lying cultivated areas. The primary aim is to restrict floods to the retention polders when the drain-age network is overburdened and cannot deal with the predicted extra demands in the future. The high evapotranspiration from the open waterbody, and the reeds growing within, will also help with reducing the amount of water. During dry sum-mers, the water in the retention polder could also be put to creative use as a source of irrigation. Another potential advantage is that subsurface saltwater intrusion in the region could be prevented by the freshwater-filled polders. During extreme storm surges and in the rare case of breaches in the sea wall, the retention polders would serve as an extra line of defence by holding seawater.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: An embankment enclosing approx. 3,000 ha will be able to store up to 25,000,000 m³ of water. This will improve the drainage of an area of approx. 49,000 ha. The invest-ment for building this water retention area is high – but for the reasons stated it serves a necessary purpose at a cost which is lower than the alternative – increased pumped drainage installations. Maintenance costs will be lower than the drainage alternative as only the integrity of the embankment needs to be monitored regularly. Agricultural land use within the polders is adapted to higher water levels and occa-sional flooding.

Natural / human environment: However within the proposed retention polders – the areas enclosed by the em-bankment - a change from the current intensive grazing for dairy farming and cropland to extensive grazing, open waters and wetlands covered with reeds will take place. The reeds can be harvested for their commercial value as biomass for renewable energy generation, or for other applications (e.g. thatching of roofs or industrial raw material). According to recent investigations, natural reeds growing in brackish water produce as much biomass as maize cultivated for biogas use. In con-trast to maize, no investments in tillage, fertilizer or biocides are necessary for these naturally growing reed stands. Thus the proposed land use provides an economic alternative to the current production system.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Germany

Region/ State/ Province:

Germany, Lower Saxony

Further specification of location:

Landkreis Aurich

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • during experiments/ research
  • through projects/ external interventions

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
Main crops (cash and food crops):

Major cash crop: Corn
Major food crop: Wheat, barley

Grazing land

Grazing land

Intensive grazing/ fodder production:
  • Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing
  • Improved pastures
Main animal species and products:

Main animal species "improved pastures": Cattle for milk and meat.
Main animal species "cut-and-carry/zero grazing": Cows for milk

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Flood events and droughts may substantially disrupt the current land use system in the future and lead to higher drainage costs and higher economic risks for agricultural production. This will reduce the ecological and economic viability of the current intensive and highly productive land use under a changing climate.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): There is no awareness of risks due to climate change.

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: cows for milk

Improved pasture: cattle for milk and meat

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Other: Oo: Other: wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines): needs to be adapted to regular flooding

Constraints of recreation (landscape is used for recreation and tourism): change in landscape due to retention area

Constraints of nature conservation area (protected sites): wetter conditions in retention area

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Mixed: Mp: Agro-pastoralism

3.3 Further information about land use

Comments:

Water supply: rainfed, rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 240Longest growing period from month to month: March to October

Livestock density (if relevant):

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • water diversion and drainage
  • surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 33.7 m2.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

structural measures

  • S5: Dams, pans, ponds
management measures

management measures

  • M1: Change of land use type
  • M2: Change of management/ intensity level
Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cs: salinization/ alkalinization
water degradation

water degradation

  • Hs: change in quantity of surface water
  • Hg: change in groundwater/aquifer level
  • Hq: decline of groundwater quality
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Hs: change in quantity of surface water

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cs: salinisation / alkalinisation, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level, Hq: decline of groundwater quality

Main causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall (Climate change, higher rainfall in winter, lower in summer), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall in winter due to climate change expected), floods (Flooding due to heavy rainfall in winter)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (Droughts due to less rainfall in summer (climate change)), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Sea level rise)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Udo Schotten

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

The figure shows the study region, located on the North Sea coast. The whole area is protected by a sea wall (grey). Crop fields (yellow), grasslands (green) and the drainage system (light blue) char-acterize the region. Large water bodies (blue) sur-rounded by reeds (brown) act as water retention polders. Extensive grazing and reed farming re-places current production systems within the reten-tion polders. The land around the retention area (higher parts of the landscape) profits from the retention areas as the risk of flooding is reduced and can be used for cropland and intensive graz-ing. Depending on the size of the retention polder a huge amount of excess water can be contained. Retention areas of 3,000 ha are able to store up to 25,000,000 m³ water. The height of the dams de-pends on the elevation of the landscape but in general a height of less than 2 m is sufficient.

Location: Krummhörn. County of Aurich, Lower Saxony

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (To generate income in the retention area (without existing agricultural methods))

Technical knowledge required for Water board: high (To build a new adapted drainage system with retention areas)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, increase of biomass (quantity)

Dam/ pan/ pond
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 30000

Construction material (earth): sand core and clay cover

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 25000000m3

Catchment area: 49000ham2

Beneficial area: 49000ham2

Other specifications: size of retention area (embanked area): 3,000.00 ha

Change of land use type: Within the retention area the conditions are wetter than before. Therefore the agricultural land use needs to be adapted to hydrological conditions.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Under the wetter conditions only a less intensitive land use is possible, e.g. no crop fields but instead extensive grazing

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Euro

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

0.94

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

100.00

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Building of dams Structural during winter months
Comments:

Labour medium: 1 person 1 day, 1m dam, 700USD
Machine hours: 8h, 1m dam, 300 USD
Earth: 10000 M3 (Sand), whole retention area, 22000 USD
Earth: 23000 M3 (Klei), whole retention area, 53000 USD

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour 1.0 21000000.0 21000000.0
Equipment Machine use 1.0 9000000.0 9000000.0
Construction material 750000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 30000000.0
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 3 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. Control of dams Structural once a year
2. Maintenance of dams Structural once a year
3. Maintenance of drainage system Structural once a year

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour 800.0
Equipment Machine use 300.0
Construction material Earth 100.0
Comments:

Machinery/ tools: digger, open truck

The establishment costs are for a dam length of 30 km and the enclosed retention area of 3,000 ha. The establishment period will be half a year. The slope in the region determines the costs as the height of the embankments depend on this. Typical heights are from 1 m up to 2 m with a slope of 1:3. . The length of the drainage network for the whole watershed (retention area and the surroundings) is 1,134 km. Maintenance costs of the drainage network are based on long term annual mean cost of 2,270.70 Euro per km including pumping costs. The maintenance cost for the whole retention area will amount to a total of US$ 2,576,200.00.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • high (>3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is very high
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity high

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

< 5 m

Availability of surface water:

good

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • employee (company, government)
Level of mechanization:
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

1% of the land users are very rich and own 1% of the land.
50% of the land users are rich and own 24% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 50% of the land.
and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Many farmers do additional work in industry or servicing sector

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • large-scale
Comments:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 5-15 ha, 15-50 ha, 50-100 ha, 100-500 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, not titled
Land use rights:
  • individual

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Under wet conditions in the retention area a crop production is not possible any more.

fodder production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Under wet conditions in the retention area an intensive fodder production is not possible any more.

fodder quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Under wet conditions in the retention area the optiomal fodder quality can not ensured any more.

production area

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

49000 ha

Quantity after SLM:

46000 ha

Comments/ specify:

For the whole catchment area a loss of approx. 3,000 ha (size of retention area).

energy generation

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Reeds in the retention area are very productive plants and will be used for bio energy generation.

Water availability and quality

water availability for livestock

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Due to reduction of saline influx

Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Only adjusted land use takes place within retention area, therefore the expenses are reduced.

farm income

decreased
increased

diversity of income sources

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Due to land use adapted to the conditions the typical land use is not possible and a diversitfication will take place with reed mowing and extensive grazing in the retention area.

Other socio-economic impacts

Intrusion by saline groundwater

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Diversification of landscape by building the retention area will increase the attractivity for recreation and tourists.

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Less intensive land use results in more diversity and conservation of regional species and habitats.

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved

Improved livelihoods and human well-being

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

'Regional belonging' and 'feeling of safety' are measured.

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

water quantity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Typical for the region are wet situations. These typical wet conditions are restored by cessation of drainage system within the retention area.

water quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Updwelling of saline groundwater is prevented by increased water level in the retention area.

groundwater table/ aquifer

lowered
recharge
Comments/ specify:

By water in the retention are the recharge of groundwater will increase and prevent salinization.

evaporation

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Instead of pumping water into the sea a higher amount is evapotranspirated naturally.

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Typical for the region are wet situations. These typical wet conditions are restored by cessation of drainage system within the retention area.

salinity

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

By water in the retention are the recharge of groundwater will increase and prevent salinization.

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By wetter conditions the soil organic matter will be increased.

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Growth of reeds

plant diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By diversification of land use the number of species will be increased, especially due to extensive land use.

animal diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By diversification of land use the number of species will be increased, especially due to extensive land use.

beneficial species

decreased
increased

habitat diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

By diversification of land use the number of habitats will be increased.

pest/ disease control

decreased
increased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Modelled is the global warming potential by gas emissions. Not yet clear if it is benefit or disadvantage. Model will show.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

water availability

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Water from retention area.

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season

reduced
increased
Comments/ specify:

Water stored in retention area can be used for irrigation during dry summer months.

downstream flooding

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

Measured m3 of excess water in the catchment area, leading to floods or needs to be pumped. Exact values from modelling will be added as soon as possible!

damage on neighbours' fields

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

Retention area to tackle impact of climate change.

damage on public/ private infrastructure

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

Retention area to tackle impact of climate change.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm well
local windstorm well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period not known

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

very negative

Long-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

positive

Comments:

The benefits will be visible in the longer time frame. There will be benefits of the investments when considering sea level rise in the upcoming 100 years.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: The SLM Technology is not implemented by local land users but this SLM technology needs to be implemented by spatial planning of the county / federal state.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The SLM Technology is not yet implemented by land users but first it needs to be considered in spatial planning of the county and the federal state. Land users and local experts showed during participatory workshops that there may be a chance for implementation.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
The retention area will support the drainage of the arable fields and pastures outside the retention area

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Combine with other technical solutions for protection against flooding (including strengthening of the ditch system and in-creasing pumping capacity).
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Prevention of flooding during strong rainfalls and possibility to irrigate during dry periods

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The larger the retention areas are the more water can be stored.
Prevention of salt water intrusion in the region

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Fresh water in the retention polders prevents saline ground water from intrusion. Build polders in areas where saline ground water intrudes.
Endangered species might obtain new habitats in the retention area

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Extensive land use can help to optimize the habitats for endangered species and increase attractiveness for tourism.
Through investments in building retention areas the very expensive strengthening of the existing drainage system is not necessary anymore

How can they be sustained / enhanced? By increasing the attractivity for touristic use in the retention area benefits for land owner can be generated and the probability to build up retention areas instead of strengthening the existing drainage system is increased.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Retention polders in an important tourism region will change the landscape and this may reduce the value of the region for tourism. Include tourism concerns in the retention area (access, infor-mation, attractiveness).
Loss of land for agricultural production (highly productive arable land) Establish retention area in low elevated parts, where there is not a high interest for agricultural production.
Endangered species might lose habitats when building up the retention area Do not build a retention area where endangered species live.
Loss of livelihoods Retention areas should be planned for parts of the landscape without settlements.
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
High water levels (especially with changing water levels) may generate high emission of greenhouse gas Ground water levels should kept stable near to the soil surface.

7. References and links

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

http://www.comtess.uni-oldenburg.de/

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