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Technologies
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Grassland preservation [Germany]

technologies_1699 - Germany

Completeness: 73%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:

Baum Sarah

+49 531 596 5237

sarah.baum@thuenen.de

Thünen Institute of Rural Studies

Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany

Germany

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Thünen Institute (Thünen Institute) - Germany
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
CC-LandStraD - Germany

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

29/07/2015

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Grassland preservation by the avoidance of ploughing up of grassland and its transformation into cropland

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Increasing demand for food, feed and bioenergy provokes an increased demand for cropland. This leads to intensification of grassland and conversion of e.g. grassland to cropland. By converting grassland to cropland the enhanced mineralization of organic soil matter leads to high emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2 and, in a much lower extent, N2O. the other way around, if cropland is converted to grassland a long-term carbon sink is established that accumulates high amounts of carbon. Nevertheless the conversion of cropland to grassland cannot compensate GHG emissions caused by conversion of grassland to cropland. Due to the soil structure and characteristics C-sequestration in the soil is higher for grassland than for cropland and within the grasslands it is substantially higher for old, humus-rich and boggy sites (e.g. fens or peatbogs) than for young grassland on mineral soils (Schuler et al. 2014). GHG emissions from converting grassland to cropland are more than 12.5 times per areaunit higher for organic than for mineral soils (own calculations after UBA 2014). Avoiding conversion of grassland into cropland avoids on average 10 tCO2-equ/ha*a considering a time-period of ten years (Osterburg et al. 2009).

Purpose of the Technology: The aim of grassland preservation is to avoid/reduce GHG emissions and maintain and develop a carbon sink. Furthermore, grassland habitats have higher biodiversity than croplands and are, in general, less intensively managed. Thus, inputs of fertilizers and pesticides are lower, which is beneficial for water quality regardless of how intensively the grassland is managed. Unlike cropland, grassland is not ploughed or harrowed annually, resulting in better soil protection and a lower risk of erosion; the latter because of the year-round vegetation cover.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: During a research project, the interdependencies between climate change and land use were analysed, and different strategies for sustainable land use management in Germany were modelled. Relevant land use measures which can contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions were evaluated with respect to climate mitigation, bioenergy by biomass, environmental and biodiversity protection (www.cc-landstrad.de). Grassland preservation is one land use practice which showed multiple advantages compared to cropland (after conversion from pasture): these were higher carbon sequestration and lower GHG emissions, better soil protection against erosion, and improved water storage capacity. The disadvantages and thus trade-off of grassland preservation are foregoing production of high-yielding cash crops, higher labour demand per hectare, and lower agricultural income. However, given the importance of preserving carbon stocks accumulated under grassland, the existing pastures should be retained wherever possible. The preservation of grassland is recommended everywhere, but especially for areas with organic soils/peaty soils - as high GHG emissions are the consequence otherwise.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Germany

Region/ State/ Province:

Germany

Further specification of location:

Nationwide

Comments:

Boundary points of the Technology area: 54.880451; 8.944112
50.955417; 14.836034
47.483324; 13.013274
47.590007; 7.595230
50.956057; 5.884301
53.567827; 6.999686
Technology is modelled for all agricultural sites in Germany and was not implemented in a precise case.

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Introduction of Cross Compliance (requirement for direct payment) in 2005 in the EU for protection and preservation of grassland

Technology has been refined and increased its significance especially in the past 10 years.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Grazing land

Grazing land

Extensive grazing land:
  • Ranching
Main animal species and products:

Main species: Cattle, sheep, horses

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Increasing demand for cropland area, and higher income options by cultivating cropland rather than grassland, thus loss of GHGs through conversion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Increasing demand for cropland area. Grassland conversion into cropland might increase the farmer’s income if the soil is suitable for cropping.

Ranching: Cattle, sheep, horses

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

3.3 Further information about land use

Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 235

Livestock density (if relevant):

50-100 LU /km2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • minimal soil disturbance
  • Carbon sink

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 375000 m2.

Technology is modelled for all agricultural sites in Germany and was not implemented in a precise case.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

management measures

management measures

  • M2: Change of management/ intensity level
Comments:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
soil erosion by wind

soil erosion by wind

  • Et: loss of topsoil
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
  • Bh: loss of habitats
  • Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline
  • Bl: loss of soil life
water degradation

water degradation

  • Ha: aridification
  • Hp: decline of surface water quality
  • Hq: decline of groundwater quality
  • Hw: reduction of the buffering capacity of wetland areas
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Bl: loss of soil life

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Ha: aridification, Hp: decline of surface water quality, Hq: decline of groundwater quality, Hw: reduction of the buffering capacity of wetland areas

Main causes of degradation: soil management (land use change connected with ploughing), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (annual), increasing demand for land

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Norbert Röder, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Extensive suckler cow husbandry

Location: Arnegger Ried. Ulm, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany

Date: 30.05.2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter

Secondary technical functions: improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. The costs depend on the intensity of the management, the more intensive the use the higher the cost (e.g. reseeding etc.) Management

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 135.0 135.0 100.0
Equipment Machine use ha 1.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Plant material Seeds ha 1.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 335.0

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

There are no direct costs if grassland is not converted but managed as before but there might be opportunity costs: If a farmer would convert his grassland to cropland and cultivate arable crops he might have a higher profit than he would have from grassland cultivation.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Annual rainfall: 250-500 mm, 500-750 mm, 750-1000 mm, 1000-1500 mm (Annual precipitation for Germany ranges between circa 430-1275mm)

Agro-climatic zone
  • humid

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: flat (0-2%), gentle (3-5%), moderate (6-10%)

Altitudinal zone: 0-100 m a.s.l., 100-500 m a.s.l., 500-1000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Very shallow-shallow (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse)
Soil texture (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse).
Soil fertility (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse).
Topsoil organic matter (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse).
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is very high

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

< 5 m

Availability of surface water:

good

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • high
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Especially extensive grassland is species rich and contains rare and specialized species

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • commercial/ market
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
Market orientation of production system: nature conservation

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Comments:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 5-15 ha, 5-15 ha, 15-50 ha
Size of cropland per household:
Grassland 4.700.000 ha, houshould 40.200.000
Size of grazing land per household: farms 300.000 grassland 4.700.000 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, not titled
  • NGO
Land use rights:
  • individual
Comments:

human environment: Grassland per household: Grassland 4.700.000 ha, farms 300.000

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

product diversity

decreased
increased
Water availability and quality

drinking water availability

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

In areas with low precipitation

drinking water quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

In areas with low precipitation

demand for irrigation water

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

perhaps

Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Yes

farm income

decreased
increased

workload

increased
decreased

Socio-cultural impacts

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved

Improved livelihoods and human well-being

Comments/ specify:

Disadvantages will realised if grassland preservation won't be done.

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

water quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Yes: Due to fertilization, pesticides

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved

soil loss

increased
decreased

soil crusting/ sealing

increased
reduced

soil compaction

increased
reduced

nutrient cycling/ recharge

decreased
increased

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased
increased
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

plant diversity

decreased
increased

beneficial species

decreased
increased

habitat diversity

decreased
increased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases

increased
decreased
Other ecological impacts

Hazard towards adverse events

decreased
increased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

wind transported sediments

increased
reduced

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm well
local windstorm well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

negative

Long-term returns:

negative

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

negative

Long-term returns:

very negative

Comments:

main cost are opportunity cost of arable land use, they occur yearly.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Within the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU reform grassland protection is enhanced since 1 January 2015. In Germany the conversion of grassland is subject to approval and in general only permitted if the same area converted is established as grassland in the same region.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Conservation/restoration of regional typically landscapes.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Grassland preservation is enhanced by legal restrictions. Financial incentives for land users make grassland preservation more attractive from an economical point of view.
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
By avoiding conversion of grassland to cropland huge amounts of GHG emissions can be avoided. Further advantages are a lower risk of soil erosion, possible flood prevention, lower levels of fertilizers and pesticides leaching into runoff waters, and higher biodiversity conservation.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Grassland preservation is enhanced by legal restrictions. Financial incentives for land users make grassland preservation more attractive from an economical point of view.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
The income from grassland might – if location factors like soil, water availability are suitable – be lower than it would be for cropland. Thus, there can be high opportunity costs of preserving grassland. Grassland preservation can be enhanced by legal restrictions. Financial incentives for land users make grassland preservation more attractive from an economical point of view.

7. References and links

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

UBA (2014)

Available from where? Costs?

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/schwerpunkte-2014

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Osterburg B et al. (2009) Erfassung, Bewertung und Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen des deutschen Agrar- und Ernährungssektors.

Available from where? Costs?

Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz. Arbeitsberichte aus der vTI-Agrarökonomie 2009/03, Braunschweig, Hamburg, Trenthorst

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Schuler J et al. (2014) Instrumente zur Stärkung von Synergien zwischen Natur- und Klimaschutz im Bereich Landbewirtschaftung

Available from where? Costs?

BfN-Skripten, pp. 187. Bonn, Bad Godesberg

Available from where? Costs?

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/berichterstattung-unter-der-klimarahmenkonvention

Available from where? Costs?

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/berichterstattung-unter-der-klimarahmenkonvention

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

URL:

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/submission-under-the-united-nations-framework

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