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Technologies
Inactive

Pond Sand Filter (PSF) [Bangladesh]

FILTER

technologies_550 - Bangladesh

Completeness: 88%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

WASH Specialist & Civil Engineer:
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Terre des Hommes (Terre des Hommes) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

22/08/2016

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Nee

Comments:

There is no land degradation as the PSF pond embankment is surrounded with vegetable products and serves as a source of water. This technology reduces water shortage during disasters like drought or coastal flood.

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Pond Sand Filter (PSF) increases flood resilience, providing an alternative source of drinking water during disaster events

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The technology is embedded in a natural environment. Necessary materials include cement, sand, brick, rods, pipes, etc. There are multiple purposes of the technology which filters pond water and supplies drinking water for consummation and cooking. To establish/maintain this technology, we need to form and build capacities of PSF committees, which operate and maintain the PSF, excavate the pond and raise the pond embankment, fence the PSF for protection, open a bank account for smooth operations and establish links with research-based organizations and local government authorities working on improved water management technology. The principal benefit of the technology is that households have access to drinking water close to their home. In addition, it enables cultivating vegetables on the embankment of PSF which can support a balanced nutrition and can generate additional income. There is no noticeable disagreement at community level about the technology because it provides a reliable and alternative source of drinking water especially during disaster event.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Bangladesh

Region/ State/ Province:

Patharghata, Barguna district in coastal region

Further specification of location:

Vill: Baratangra, Ward:4, Union: Patharghata Union Parishad

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2016

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Unproductive land

Unproductive land

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

structural measures

  • S5: Dams, pans, ponds
  • S7: Water harvesting/ supply/ irrigation equipment

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

water degradation

water degradation

  • Hs: change in quantity of surface water

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • not applicable

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Date:

30/06/2016

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Height-4 feet 2 inch, Length-14 feet 5 inch, Width-7 feet with 1.5 km vertical interval structure having 0.4 decimal catchment area. The capacity of PSF is 2500 liter water. The construction materials used in rebuilding PSF include brick, sand, brick chips, cement, GI Pipe, water tap and MS Rod.

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology unit
Specify unit:

Pond Sand Filter

Specify volume, length, etc. (if relevant):

average 36.45 meter

Specify currency used for cost calculations:
  • US Dollars
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

5 $ per day for each labor

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Community consultation for Committee Formation Management Before onset of rain
2. Fund raising initiative Management Before onset of rain
3. Approval from by Union Parishad Management Before onset of rain
4. Needs assessement Management Before onset of rain
5. Technician selection for reconstruction Structural Before onset of rain
6. Contribution from PSF committee Management Before onset of rain
7. Contribution from Tdh Management Before onset of rain
8. Commencement of PSF reconstruction Structural Before onset of rain
9. Excavating Structural Before onset of rain
10. Pond fencing Structural Before onset of rain
11. Pond embankment Structural Before onset of rain

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Excavation work days 30.0 5.0 150.0 10.0
Equipment Repairing tools 1 4.0 15.0 60.0
Equipment Tubewell 1 1.0 29.0 29.0 10.0
Fertilizers and biocides bleeching 1 0.5 3.0 1.5 10.0
Construction material
Construction material
Construction material bricks pieces 15.0 1.5 22.5 10.0
Construction material sand pieces/bags 80.0 0.5 40.0 10.0
Other brickchips pieces 10.0 1.0 10.0 10.0
Other MS rod pieces 30.0 1.0 30.0
Other Cement bag 12.0 6.0 72.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 415.0
If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

The remaining costs bore by the project contribution. It's a mode of cost sharing and developing a culture of belongingness and sustainability.

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. Repairing Other measures Before onset of rains
2. Cleaning Management Before onset of rains

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour For cleaning days 4.0 14.0 56.0 100.0
Fertilizers and biocides bleeching powder bag 5.0 2.0 10.0
Construction material sand pieces/bags 80.0 1.0 80.0 100.0
Construction material Brick chips pieces 10.0 5.0 50.0
Other Cement bag 6.0 12.0 72.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 268.0

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Comparatively, construction materials costs was reflected as expensive cost.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:

www.discoverybangladesh.com

Agro-climatic zone
  • semi-arid

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
  • not relevant

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Availability of surface water:

poor/ none

Water quality (untreated):

poor drinking water (treatment required)

Is water salinity a problem?

Nee

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Ja

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • medium
Habitat diversity:
  • medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:
  • Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
  • subsistence (self-supply)
Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • poor
Individuals or groups:
  • groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Age of land users:
  • middle-aged
  • elderly

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, not titled
Land use rights:
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • open access (unorganized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Water availability and quality

drinking water availability

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

1

Quantity after SLM:

3

Comments/ specify:

The availability of water was very little before setting up such technology

Income and costs

economic disparities

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

1

Quantity after SLM:

3

Socio-cultural impacts

health situation

worsened
improved
Quantity before SLM:

1

Quantity after SLM:

3

Comments/ specify:

Water borne diseases was in epidemic form before setting up PSF technology which was getting gradually decreased.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

water availability

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

1

Quantity after SLM:

3

Comments/ specify:

The usage of surface water has been promoted significantly as it contains acceptable level of iron.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
flash flood well
Biological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
insect/ worm infestation moderately
Comments:

PSF serves as disaster resilient Technology that can well cope with the effects of climate change.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly positive

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • more than 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Nee

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
The Technology is useful for supplying drinking water at household level and can meet the nutritional needs through cultivating medicinal plants and vegetables at the pond embankment
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The Technology is conducive for ensuring supply of water for drinking, cooking and irrigation purposes if the community is motivated and understand the impact of PSF when faced with water shortage during dry season and other disaster events.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Every six months, the PSF needs to be taken care of. This requires some maintenance costs that must be deposited every month for smooth operations. PSF DRR fencing is also necessary to protect PSF against animals. Deposit monthly saving to incur the six monthly maintenance costs as well as create relationship with local research organization to improve the cost-effectiveness of the technology

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys

Six to seven

  • compilation from reports and other existing documentation

five

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