1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Pamir Biological Institute (Pamir Biological Institute) - Tajikistan

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Kyrgyzstan Mountain Societies Development Support Programme, Aga Khan Development Network (MSDSP KG) - Kyrgyzstan

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Irrigation of a young orchard using locally available and low-cost materials for a drip irrigation system in the Pamir’s arid zone

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The system consists of a reservoir and polyethylene irrigation tubes and emitters installed along the rows of trees. Water accumulates in the reservoir during spring and early summer when there is no deficit in irrigation water. During the dry summer months water is then used for drip irrigation. Located in the upper part of the system, the reservoir ensures water pressure in the system. Due to the complex local topography, this irrigation method can be used without water pumps since natural water pressure ensures normal functioning of the system. Even though this water saving technology is quite effective, drip irrigation is rarely used since both the construction and maintenance of the system are quite expensive. With the introduction of this technology into the poor mountain communities of GBAO, the overall objective was to make drip irrigation technology cheaper and more easily available to farmers. The objective was achieved by the use of simple polyethylene irrigation tubes, simple screws instead of expensive emitters, and natural water pressure excluding the construction of a water pump station. Water is dripped directly to the roots of the trees, thus excluding loss of water and soil erosion. Fertilisers can be added directly to the water reservoir. This technology allows increased water savings of 50%, and 90% of fertilisers. During the growing period trees are watered once every 6 days.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of this technology is to improve the water supply for fruit orchards during the growing period in the arid conditions of the Pamirs where available water is very limited.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Steps to implement the technology include the following: dig holes for trees, plant trees, establish water reservoir, lay polyethylene tubes, install emitters and regularly clean irrigation system.

Natural / human environment: The plot is located in an arid zone at the height of 2000m above sea level. It is a high mountain area with typical brown soils and slopes up to 60 degrees steepness. Annual precipitation is quite low and mainly occurs in the autumn and winter period. Summers are extremely dry. The main occupations of the local population include agriculture and cattle breeding.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

the project was implemented in 2006

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• adapt to enviroment

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): lack of water, soil erosion, reduction of yield, reduction of soil fertility

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): lack of irrigation water, reduction of yield

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• full irrigation

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: soil management, crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), change in temperature, change of seasonal rainfall

Secondary causes of degradation: over abstraction / excessive withdrawal of water (for irrigation, industry, etc.), droughts, population pressure, poverty / wealth

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Tajik Somony

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

4.45

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	tree planting	first year
2.	mounting of drip irrigation system	before planting

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Tree planting	Persons/day	2.0	11.0	22.0	100.0
Labour	Mounting of drip irrigation system	Persons/day	5.0	25.2	126.0
Equipment	Tools	pieces	5.0	1.2	6.0	100.0
Equipment	Other Tools	pieces	5.0	2.2	11.0
Equipment	Polyethylene tube	meters	2200.0	0.445454545	980.0
Equipment	Watertank	pieces	1.0	600.0	600.0
Plant material	Tree seedlings	pieces	360.0	0.675	243.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer	kg	10.0	1.7	17.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					2005.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					450.56

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	sanitary cutting of trees	every 3-5 years
2.	hay harvest	three time per year
3.	unclogging the irrigation tubes	every year

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Sanitary cutting of trees	Persons/day	0.6	16.66667	10.0	100.0
Labour	Hay harvest	Persons/day	1.0	9.0	9.0	100.0
Labour	Unclogging the irrigation tubes	Persons/day	1.0	11.0	11.0
Equipment	Tools (Scissors)	pieces	2.0	2.5	5.0	100.0
Equipment	Tool for harvesting	pieces	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools for unclogging tubes	pieces	2.0	2.25	4.5	100.0
Equipment	Polyethylene tube	meters	56.0	0.445454545	24.95	100.0
Equipment	Water tank	repair	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings tree replacement	pieces	15.0	0.675	10.13	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer	kg	10.0	1.7	17.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					103.58
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					23.28

Comments:

For creation of drip irrigation system on a plot of 1 ha (May 2011)

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

equipment for irrigation system (polyethylene tubes)

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone is 2100m above sea level

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil texture is about 40% silt

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Water availability and quality

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

40% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 70% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In dry season the harvest is about 20 - 30% higher as compared with the farmers which did not use the technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

Increase of irrigation water availability will improve agricultural production and cover all the expenses that were needed for the establishment of the irrigation system

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• > 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

18 households (area is 10 ha)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 11-50%

Comments:

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

15 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

3 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: some land users have already adopted the system

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Increase water resources for irrigation of orchards

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Increases water saving up to 50%
Opportunity to irrigate orchards during droughts and dry spells (when there is no irrigation water available)
Opportunity to apply this technology on steep slopes
Reservoir can be filled with rainwater How can they be sustained / enhanced? through installation of rainwater harvesting system

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
The system has to be regularly cleaned from sediments	use filters to clean water from sediments

7.1 Methods/ sources of information