Technologies

Vegetated Fanya juu [Ethiopia]

Ye Masa Erken (Amharic)

technologies_1074 - Ethiopia

Completeness: 69%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Fikadu

SNNPR, Omo Sheleko Agricultural and Rural Development Office

Ethiopia

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
SNNPR Bureau of Agriculture - Ethiopia

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

Incentive based CCPPA
approaches

Incentive based CCPPA [Ethiopia]

The participation of the communities in the planning implementation and evaluation of SWC activities and provided with food for work as an insentive to encourage participation.

  • Compiler: Daniel Danano

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

A terrace constructed along the contour with the embankment above the basin to prevent/control or reduce runoff.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The technology is integrated with cutoff drain, stablized by grass and trees and also integrated with some agronomic measures such as inter cropping, crop rotation and green manuring.

Purpose of the Technology: It aims at controlling runoff velocity and soil erosion, changes the slope inclination, recharge ground water, conserve soil moisture and increase the productivity per unit of land.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: It is done or maintained on self-help bases. When the basin is filled up with sediment or it is damaged by over flowing of runoff, repair work is undertaken.

Natural / human environment: It is environmentaly sound, conducive and accepted by the communit

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Ethiopia

Region/ State/ Province:

NNNPR/Kembata Tembaro Zone

Further specification of location:

Omo Sheleko woreda

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 15.18 km2.

The technology is integrated with different biological measures such as bund stablized by grass, legumes and tree species and supplimented with cutoff drain.

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

from expriences in other countries and also other woredas in the country.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • Perennial (non-woody) cropping
  • Tree and shrub cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • cereals - maize
  • cereals - sorghum
  • legumes and pulses - beans
  • root/tuber crops - sweet potatoes, yams, taro/cocoyam, other
  • wheat, teff
  • elephantgrass, phalaris
Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:
  • avocado
  • fruits, other
  • mango, mangosteen, guava
  • papaya
  • Coffee, sesbania, Shinus molle
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 2
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 240 Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Oct Second longest growing period in days: 180 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Dec

Is intercropping practiced?

Ja

If yes, specify which crops are intercropped:

maize with beans

Is crop rotation practiced?

Ja

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low soil fertility, land degradation, decline in productivity.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Productivity has highly declined, high amounts of inputs required to improve the soil fertility.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Teff - Maize - Beans - Sweet potato

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • cross-slope measure

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 15.18 m2.

The technology is integrated with different biological measures such as bund stablized by grass, legumes and tree species and supplimented with cutoff drain.

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Birr

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

8.6

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

0.70

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Collecting of planting materials (seeds) during rainy season
2. Planting on bunds during rainy season
3. Cultivation during rainy season
4. Fencing during rainy season
5. Survey dry season
6. Layout dry season
7. Constructing the terrace dry season
8. Stablization of terrace rain season
9. control grazing

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 140.0 140.0 100.0
Labour Person days ha 1.0 29.0 29.0
Equipment Animal traction ha 1.0 101.0 101.0
Equipment Tools ha 1.0 47.0 47.0
Plant material Seeds ha 1.0 24.0 24.0
Fertilizers and biocides Fertilizer ha 1.0 55.0 55.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 396.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 46.05
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. Land preparation before and onset of rains / each cropping season
2. Planting/Sowing during rains / each cropping season
3. Weeding during rains / each cropping season
4. Harvesting dry season / each cropping season
5. Replanting rainy season /as needed
6. Replanting rainy season/annual
7. Sediment removal offset of rain/annual

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 14.0 14.0 100.0
Labour Person days ha 1.0 29.0 29.0
Equipment Animal traction ha 1.0 101.0 101.0
Plant material Seeds ha 1.0 24.0 24.0
Fertilizers and biocides Fertilizer ha 1.0 55.0 55.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 223.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 25.93
Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Shovel and hoe

The cost estimation is made for 1 km length bund in a hectare of land planted with maize.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour cost increases or decreases per hectare of land depending on land form, type and depth of the soil. Cost of construction with increase in slope.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

900-1400 mm, in good years rains up to 1440 mm are received, quite good enough for perennial crops such as Enset, coffee and fruit trees.

Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. ( over 70% falls in this category, ranked 1), 2000-2500 m a.s.l. (ranked 2) and 1001-1500 m a.s.l. as well as 2501-3000 m a.s.l. (both ranked 3)
Landforms: Ridges (ranked 2) and mountain slopes as well as valley floors (both ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Hilly (soils have better fertility, ranked 1), rolling (ranked 2) and moderate (ranked 3)

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (most of the soils (60%) have moderately deep soils, ranked 1), deep (25 % SWC area, ranked 2) and shallow (soils on steep slopes (15%), ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Low (continuous cropping-long period cultivation, ranked 1), very low (shallow soils, ranked 2) and medium (ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (no crop yield with out fertilizers applied, ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and high (flat slopes and around harvested, ranked 3)
Soil water storage capacity: High (ranked 1), very high (ranked 2) and medium (ranked 3)

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • very poor
  • poor
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • animal traction
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4%
20% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land (own few livestock).
45% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land (have small land holding).
35% of the land users are poor and own 35% of the land (no/too little land, no property).
Off-farm income specification: Most of the people in the area are engaged in agricultural activities and only few people are engaged on off-farm activities.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (most of the land users, ranked 1) and manual work (few land useres, ranked 2)
Market oriantation cropland: Subsistence (The produce is only enough for family consumption)

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Comments:

Land holding is very small and it is 0.50 ha per household

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • state

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

fodder production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

the bund is planted with grasses and legume trees

fodder quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

the bund is planted with grasses and legume trees

wood production

decreased
increased

production area

decreased
increased

land management

hindered
simplified
Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

65

Quantity after SLM:

20

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved

soil loss

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

20

Quantity after SLM:

1

Other ecological impacts

Soil fertility

decreased
increased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season

reduced
increased

downstream flooding

increased
reduced

downstream siltation

increased
decreased

groundwater/ river pollution

increased
reduced

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 11-50%
Comments:

75% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

25% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: SWC intervention is an activity that aims at controlling erosion, improving soil moisture and productivity per unit area of land.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Controls erosion

How can they be sustained / enhanced? use of multipurpose plant species for bund stablization.
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Effective in controlling erosion

How can they be sustained / enhanced? quality and technical standard should be kept.
Fast to develop to bench terrace

How can they be sustained / enhanced? require continuous maintainance

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
harbour rodents provision of pesticides
labour intensive provision of hand tools and incentives
no short time impact introduce multipurpose planting material

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

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