Technologies

Citerne [Morocco]

Creation: 10/05/2017 8:19 nm.
Update: 05/29/2019 1:50 nm.
Compiler: Mohamed Sabir
Editor: –
Reviewers: Donia Mühlematter, Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Nicole Harari, Alexandra Gavilano

Matfia

technologies_3205 - Morocco

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Completeness: 90%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Mohamed Sabir

SLM specialist:

mohamed QARRO

land user:

Ait Salah Mohamed

Morocco

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Royaume du Maroc, Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la Désertification (Royaume du Maroc) - Morocco

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Nee

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

Collecte Eau Pluviale [Morocco]

La collecte des eaux pluviales permet de mobiliser l'eau et le rendre disponible pour les villageaois dans une zone semi-aride pour les usages domestiques et d'élevage. Elle est issue du savoir faire paysan.

Compiler: Mohamed Sabir
10/04/2017 10:10 nm.

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

La Matfia est une citerne traditionnelle de stockage d'eau de pluie pour usage domestique.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

La Matfia est une citerne de stockage d'eau de pluie utilisée dans les zones arides et semiarides où l'eau est rare. Elle continue à être d'usage dans les douars (villages) enclavés et où la pauvreté est élevée.
C'est une citerne couverte de dimensions variables (dizaines à centaines de m3) qui reçoit les eaux provenant d'impluvium naturel ou artificiel (terrasses de maison, impluvium en béton, fossé de piste).
Elles sont construites en ciment ou en pierres ou taillées dans la roche mère. L'eau produite par l'impluvium est conduite souvent dans un déssableur avant d'entrer dans la citerne. Elles sont équipées d'un orifice de trop plein à l'aval.
La Matfia est un moyen de stocker de l'eau à usage domestique dans les endroits pauvres en ressouces hydriques naturelles. Il existe des Matfia privée à usage individuel et d'autres collectives à usage communautaire.
L'eau est utilisée essentiellement pour les besoins domestiques (boisson, cuisson, bains, ablutions).
Chaque ménage (famille) possède au moins deux à trois matfia pour couvrir les besoins annuels en eau. Un ménage de 6 personnes a besoin de 3 matfia de 30m3 (90m3)pour couvrir ses besoins annuels, surtout durant la saison sèche d'avril à octobre.
Une citerne familiale de 5x3x2=30m3 nécessite 5 000 à 10 000 MAD pour le creusement, 20 000 MAD pour la construction et 1 à 1,5 journées MO pour l'entretien chaque année avant la saison des pluies (1 m3 = environ 1000 MAD).
Ces citernes Matfia permettent aux paysans de vivre en montagne. Cependant, sans traitement l'eau est de mauvaise qualité.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

Media Gallery

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Morocco

Region/ State/ Province:

Province d'Agadir

Specify the spread of the Technology:

applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts

Mobiliser de la ressource eau pour les besoins domestiques.

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Settlements, infrastructure

Mobiliser et stocker l'eau à usage domestique.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

water harvesting

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

S7: Water harvesting/ supply/ irrigation equipment

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

other

Comments:

La matfia est destinée à mobiliser l'eau pour des usages domestiques. Elle ne traîte aucune dégradation des terres.

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

not applicable

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Dimensions très variables: Volumes variables de 5 à plusieurs centaines de m3. Largeur : 2 à 10 m, Longeur: 2 à 30 m, Profonceur: 1 à 5 m.
Impluviums: Routes, pistes, Terrains tassés, Surface imperméabilisée, Terrasses de maisons.
La matfia collective est composée de : (1) Un impluvium naturel ou artificiel plus ou moins aménagé.
Le toit de la matfia (70 à 150 m2) peut être bétonné et utilisé comme impluvium, mais le plus souvent ce sont les eaux ruisselant des pistes et d'un petit versant qui sont captées; (2) Un canal (assarou, séguia) de raccordement entre l'impluvium naturel et la citerne; (3) Un ou deux bassins de décantation des sédiments, (4) Une conduite d'eau reliant le bassin de décantation à une ouverture perçant la dalle de la citerne et (5) Un orifice pour puiser l'eau, muni d'un couvercle en fer;
La matfia individuelle ou familiale est plus modeste: le toit de la maison joue le rôle d'impluvium. La citerne prend la forme d'un réservoir souterrain creusé dans la cour de la maison. Il est imperméabilisé avec de l'argile battue mélangée à la chaux ou avec du ciment.

Author:

SABIR Mohamed

Date:

19/01/2017

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

per Technology unit

Specify unit:

Citerne de 30 m3

other/ national currency (specify):

Dirham marocain MAD

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

9.64971

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

70 MAD

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Creusement de la cavité de la citerne	Eté, automne
2.	Construction de la citerne	Eté, automne

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Ouvrier	JP	60.0	70.0	4200.0
Labour	Ouvrier qualifié (Maalam)	JP	50.0	120.0	6000.0	33.0
Equipment	Matériaux de construction (Ciment , sable, etc.)		1.0	20000.0	20000.0	66.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					30200.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					3129.63

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of establishing the Technology:

30200.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Des dons provenant de Services de l'Etat comme le HCEFLCD, l'Agriculture, la Commune.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Curage annuel (début saison pluvieuse)	Début automne

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Ouvrier	JP	2.0	70.0	140.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					140.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					14.51

Comments:

Coût de l'entretien est pris en charge à 100% par les paysans.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Matériaux de construction et Main d'oeuvre.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1,000 mm
1,001-1,500 mm
1,501-2,000 mm
2,001-3,000 mm
3,001-4,000 mm
> 4,000 mm

Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

250.00

Agro-climatic zone

semi-arid

Précipitations très irrégulières.

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:

flat (0-2%)
gentle (3-5%)
moderate (6-10%)
rolling (11-15%)
hilly (16-30%)
steep (31-60%)
very steep (>60%)

Landforms:

plateau/plains
ridges
mountain slopes
hill slopes
footslopes
valley floors

Altitudinal zone:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

not relevant

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:

very shallow (0-20 cm)
shallow (21-50 cm)
moderately deep (51-80 cm)
deep (81-120 cm)
very deep (> 120 cm)

Soil texture (topsoil):

coarse/ light (sandy)

Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):

coarse/ light (sandy)

Topsoil organic matter:

high (>3%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

> 50 m

Availability of surface water:

poor/ none

Water quality (untreated):

poor drinking water (treatment required)

Is water salinity a problem?

Nee

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Nee

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

L'eau est rare et variable entre les saisons sèches et humides. Elle varie aussi entre les années.

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:

high

Habitat diversity:

medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:

Sedentary

Market orientation of production system:

subsistence (self-supply)

Relative level of wealth:

very poor
poor

Individuals or groups:

individual/ household
groups/ community

Gender:

Age of land users:

elderly

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

< 0.5 ha
0.5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1,000 ha
1,000-10,000 ha
> 10,000 ha

Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?

small-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

communal/ village
individual, not titled

Land use rights:

open access (unorganized)
communal (organized)

Water use rights:

open access (unorganized)
communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:

poor
moderate
good

education:

poor
moderate
good

technical assistance:

poor
moderate
good

employment (e.g. off-farm):

poor
moderate
good

markets:

poor
moderate
good

energy:

poor
moderate
good

roads and transport:

poor
moderate
good

drinking water and sanitation:

poor
moderate
good

financial services:

poor
moderate
good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Water availability and quality

drinking water availability

decreased

increased

drinking water quality

decreased

increased

water availability for livestock

decreased

increased

water quality for livestock

decreased

increased

Socio-cultural impacts

health situation

worsened

improved

cultural opportunities

reduced

improved

community institutions

weakened

strengthened

conflict mitigation

worsened

improved

situation of socially and economically disadvantaged groups

worsened

improved

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

water quantity

decreased

increased

water quality

decreased

increased

Climate and disaster risk reduction

drought impacts

increased

decreased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

water availability

decreased

increased

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual rainfall			very well
seasonal rainfall	summer		very well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	very well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

> 50%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

91-100%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

If yes, indicate to which changing conditions it was adapted:

climatic change/ extremes

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

La matfia améliore fortement la disponibilité d'eau potable pour les paysans de ces zones arides et semi arides.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
La Matfia améliore fortement la disponibilité de l'eau potable pour les paysans de ces zones arides et semi arides.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
La Matfia améliore la disponibilité de l'eau pour les paysans.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Coût relativement élevé par rapport au niveau de vie des paysans.	- Apport de l'émigration. - Travail en dehors de l'exploitation.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Le coût de construction de ces structures est relativement élevé par rapport au niveau de vie des pysans (assez pauvres).	Le travail en dehors des douars et de la région.(l'émigration des jeunes) permet de faire un apport consistant en argent aux douars.

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

field visits, field surveys

Plusieurs jours de prospection de terrain et rencontre de plusieurs personnes ressources des douars.

interviews with land users

Rencontre des plusieurs personnes.

interviews with SLM specialists/ experts

Rencontre des plusieurs personnes.

compilation from reports and other existing documentation

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

12/01/2017

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Éric Roose, Mohamed Sabir, Abdellah Laouina. 2010. Gestion durable de l'eau et des sols au Maroc. Valorisation des techniques traditionnelles méditerranéennes. IRD Éditions INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT Marseille, 2010