Technologies

Resemis d’espèces pastorales locales [Tunisia]

استزراع النباتات الرعوية المحلية

technologies_4053 - Tunisia

Completeness: 86%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Nee

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

Réhabilitation des parcours par réintroduction d’espèces autochtones
approaches

Réhabilitation des parcours par réintroduction d’espèces autochtones [Tunisia]

Dans les situations où la dégradation des parcours a atteint le seuil d’irréversibilité, les semenciers font défaut et où la reconstitution de l’écosystème par une simple mise en défens n’est plus possible, la réhabilitation par réintroduction des espèces pastorales ayant disparu devient la seule alternative pour revenir à l’écosystème pastoral …

  • Compiler: Donia Mühlematter

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Le resemis des parcours est une technique utilisée pour l’amélioration pastorale lorsque la dégradation a atteint un état avancé et irréversible et dans les friches post-culturales et abandons. Elle consiste à réintroduire des espèces pastorales ayant disparu.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Les techniques de semis varient selon les espèces considérées et la nature de la parcelle à réhabiliter. Ainsi Au niveau des sites surpâturés, les plantes autochtones doivent être semées directement en favorisant les endroits où des reliques de ces espèces existent encore. Concernant les ligneux bas comme Rhanterium suaveolens et Salsola vermiculata, la technique consiste à scarifier le sol d’abord puis à épandre les semences sur la surface travaillée; alors que l’on doit semer d’abord puis scarifier le sol pour des espèces comme Argyrolobium uniflorum, Stipa lagascae, Plantago albicans, etc.
Au niveau des friches post-culturales, un scarifiage ou labour léger en planches est général utilisé dans les opérations de resemis.
L’époque de semis se situe entre début septembre et fin novembre, c’est à dire durant les pluies automnales et lorsque la température du sol est encore suffisamment élevée pour favoriser la germination. Les quantités de semences à l’ha varient avec l’espèce (environ 5 à 7 kg/ha de semences pures pour Argyrolobium uniflorum et Plantago albicans).
Les parcelles semées devront être gardées hors pâture durant les deux premières années.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Tunisia

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • during experiments/ research
  • intervention de l’état

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Nee


Grazing land

Grazing land

Extensive grazing:
  • Nomadism
  • Semi-nomadic pastoralism

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
  • No (Continue with question 3.4)

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • pastoralism and grazing land management
  • improved ground/ vegetation cover
  • integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

management measures

management measures

  • M2: Change of management/ intensity level
  • M5: Control/ change of species composition

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
physical soil deterioration

physical soil deterioration

  • Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
  • Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
  • Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

1 hectare

other/ national currency (specify):

Dinars Tunisien (DT)

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

2.5

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

10 DT

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Délimitation de la parcelle à réhabiliter
2. Collecte des semences
3. Scarifiage et resemis
4. Suivi-évaluation de l’état de la végétation pastorale pendant 3 années.

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Main d’oeuvre (collecte et nettoyage des semences, semis) personne/jour 10.0 100.0 1000.0
Labour Labour personne/jour 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 1100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 440.0

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. Interdiction du pâturage pendant 3 années à travers un gardien-nage sévère.
Comments:

A l’heure actuelle cette technique n’est testée qu’à l’échelle expérimentale. Elle a également été pratiquée dans le cadre d’un certain nombre de projets de développement pastoral au Centre et au Sud de la Tunisie dans les parcours collectifs et non pas chez les privés. Le resemis est une technique relativement complexe qui demande un itinéraire technique fin partant de la collecte des semences et arrivant aux façons cultu-rales spécifiques à chaque espèce.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Coût de la main d'oeuvre.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • arid

Climat Saharien Aride.

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
  • concave situations

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

on surface

Availability of surface water:

poor/ none

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Is water salinity a problem?

Ja

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Nee

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low
Habitat diversity:
  • low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
Market orientation of production system:
  • subsistence (self-supply)
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • very poor
Individuals or groups:
  • groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • animal traction
Gender:
  • men
Age of land users:
  • middle-aged
  • elderly

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • communal/ village
Land use rights:
  • open access (unorganized)
Water use rights:
  • open access (unorganized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

fodder production

decreased
increased

animal production

decreased
increased
Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved

situation of socially and economically disadvantaged groups

worsened
improved

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil cover

reduced
improved
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Vegetation cover

decreased
increased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

drought impacts

increased
decreased

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season increase or decrease How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase moderately
annual rainfall increase moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

slightly negative

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

slightly positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 1-10%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

Le resemis est une technique relativement complexe qui demande un itinéraire technique fin partant de la collecte des semences et arri-vant aux façons culturales spécifiques à chaque espèce. De plus le resemis a d’autres objectifs de restauration de l’écosystème et de relance de la dynamique biologique qui peuvent ne pas concerner l’usager actuel de l’espace.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Nee

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Technologie permettant l’amélioration de la productivité des parcours et la conservation de la biodiversité.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Cette technique n’est pas encore adoptée par la population. sensibiliser la population sur l’importance d’une réintroduction des espèces locales qui peuvent durablement conserver les sols et amé-liorer la productivité des parcours.
C’est une opération coûteuse et sa réussite est doutée. Appliquer l’approche au cours d’une année humide et assurer une meilleure gestion pour compenser ces coûts.

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • compilation from reports and other existing documentation

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Ouled Belgacem A., Neffati M., Chaieb M., Visser M. 2004. Réhabilitation des parcours dégradés en Tunisie présaharienne par réintroduction d’espèces autochtones: cas de Stipa lagascae R. & Sch. Cah. Options Méditerr. ISSN : 1022-1379. p 437-441.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Visser M., Ouled Belgacem A., Neffati M. 2009. Reseeding Mediterranean dryland cereal fallows using Stipa lagascae R. & Sch.: influence of cutting regime during the establishment phase. Grass and forage Science, 65:23-27.

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