1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المشاركة في تقييم وتوثيق التقنية

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم التقنية (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

GITEC/ADB/DMC Rural Development Project Land Management Institute - طاجيكستان

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

22/04/2011

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

2.1 وصف مختصر للتقنية

تعريف التقنية:

A fenced enclosure transformed with stone clearing and a small scale irrigation system, to grow a wide range of perennial, annual and orchard crops, beekeeping and small scale animal production.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للتقنية

الوصف:

A small area of previously severely eroded and almost devoid of vegetation area of land that was transformed through the building a perimeter fence, supplying a simple irrigation system and the planting of a diverse range of crops to provide a rich, integrated farming system. Activities then completed on this area included: orchard planting, perennial fodder crops (lucerne), garden vegetables, bee keeping for honey production and small scale animal rearing.

Purpose of the Technology: The farmer clearly stated that his prime, initial purpose in taking over this “ruined and abandoned land” was to improve and better guarantee the quality of his family’s lifestyle through enhanced and assured food and fodder production. He also recognised the potential for future profit through sale of his excess produce to market. Currently, the family has almost no need to buy food (and fodder) from nearby markets, apart from flour for bread making. This is a large cost saving. In hindsight, the farmer sees that he has dramatically improved land quality within the enclosure through mitigating erosion and increasing year-round vegetation cover.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The family (Enomali is the family name) first occupied this land in 1984. The first task was tree planting – a variety of orchard trees – on 0.1 ha of the current enclosure. This was fenced using abandoned wire and metal supports from old Russian factories. After nine family members left (to work in Dushanbe) the land user expanded the fence to the current 0.2 ha and continued to plant trees. He continued the stone removal through the 1990s and even up until the present day. Lucerne and vegetable gardens were initiated in the 1990s and continue to be enriched as required. Fodder, tree and vegetable production includes an ongoing set of tasks, as does the animal feeding with the home-grown fodder. Bee keeping is seasonal and the honey kept for home consumption. The land user continues to plant orchard trees every year and currently has more than 100. He gained a “certificate” of ownership” in 2008.

Natural / human environment: Before the family occupied this land, the land user stated that it was “totally ruined and abandoned”. That is why it was unoccupied. The family were prepared to work extremely hard to convert this ruined land to the green and productive “island” that it now is. The people in the area are dependent upon the produce of the land, however suitable land is in short supply and subject to population pressures.

2.3 صور التقنية

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تنفيذ التقنية فيها والتي يغطيها هذا التقييم

2.6 تاريخ التنفيذ

في حالة عدم معرفة السنة بالتحديد، يرجى الإشارة إلى التاريخ التقريبي:

• منذ 10-50 سنة

2.7 إدخال التقنية

حدد كيف تم إدخال التقنية:

• من خلال ابتكار مستخدمي الأراضي

التعليقات (نوع المشروع، الخ):

The land user developed the integrated approach to implentation of the technology.

3.1 الغرض الرئيسي ( الأغراض الرئيسية) للتقنية

• تحسين الإنتاج

• rehabilitate severely degraded land

3.2 نوع (أنواع) استخدام الأراضي الحالية حيث يتم تطبيق التقنية

التعليقات:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Massive water erosion causing gullies, sheet washing and landslides. This leads to land denudation of the soil and vegetation. Almost total lack of soil organic matter and above/below ground biodiversity. No water holding capacity of the land – combination of steep slopes and no vegetation causes all rainwater to immediately runoff.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Same – the above words were used by the farmer in the on-farm interview.

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Other type of forest: orchard species

Forest products and services: fruits and nuts

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

إذا تغير استخدام الأراضي بسبب التقنية، قم بالإشارة إلى استخدام الأرض قبل تنفيذ التقنية:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 مزيد من المعلومات حول استخدام الأراضي

إمدادات المياه للأرض التي يتم تنفيذ التقنية عليها:

• مختلط بعلي-مروي

عدد مواسم الزراعة في السنة:

• 1

حدد:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: April to September

كثافة الثروة الحيوانية (إذا كانت ذات صلة):

< 1 LU/km2

3.4 مجموعةالإدارة المستدامة للأراضي التي تنتمي إليها هذه التقنية

• الحراجة الزراعية
• تحسين الغطاء الأرضي/النباتي
• تحسين أصناف النباتات/سلالات الحيوانات

3.5 انتشار التقنية

حدد انتشار التقنية:

• منتشرة بالتساوي على مساحة

إذا كانت التقنية منتشرة بالتساوي على منطقة ما، فحدد المنطقة التقريبية المغطاة:

• < 0.1 كم2 (10 هكتار)

التعليقات:

The small area was all that the family could manage as there was an initial large workload, clearing stones and fence building, etc

3.6 التدابير التقنية في مجال إلادارة المستدامة للأراضي

التعليقات:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mixed cropping / intercropping, cover cropping, retaining more vegetation cover, furrows (drainage, irrigation)

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 الأنواع الرئيسية من تدهور الأراضي التي تناولتها التقنية

التعليقات:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bl: loss of soil life

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bh: loss of habitats, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Post Soviet era – massive forest clearing for firewood), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Exploitation of fire wood.), overgrazing (massive overgrazing of an already depleted land resource), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Loess landscape – highly susceptible to water erosion – massively exacerbated by vegetation clearing (tree chopping and animal grazing))

Secondary causes of degradation: population pressure, poverty / wealth, war and conflicts (increased natural resource pressure during the civil war.)

3.8 منع أو حد أو عكس تدهور الأراضي

تحديد هدف التقنية فيما يتعلق بتدهور الأراضي:

• اصلاح/إعادة تأهيل الأراضي المتدهورة بشدة

التعليقات:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 الرسم الفني للتقنية

4.2 المواصفات الفنية/شروحات الرسم الفني

The drawing shows an enclosed area, a fence line consisting of wire fencing, brush and scrap metal materials. At the top of the slope a row of fast growing poplars was planted to protect the enclosure and the adjacent vegetable plot from the wind and rain. Perenials are intercropped with fruit trees further below the dwelling and the area is fed by an irrigation pipe originating from a local spring.

Location: Tajikistan. Varzob, Luchob

Date: 28 April 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (If training was provided to replicate the technology.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Perennial lucerne for fodder
Quantity/ density: 100% cover
Remarks: 0.1 ha

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Lucerne is a cover crop

Retaining more vegetation cover
Material/ species: Land previously bare

Agronomic measure: other
Material/ species: Perennial legume pasture species - lucerne
Quantity/ density: 0.1 ha

Furrows (drainage, irrigation)
Material/ species: Irrigation via hand cut 20cm cube ditches and poly pipe

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

In blocks
Number of plants per (ha): 100%
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): about 0.1 ha planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Apple, cherry, apricot, pear

Perennial crops species: lucerne

Other species: Vegetable garden

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 38.30%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 5.24%

Wall/ barrier
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1000

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 21 degrees – measured with cli%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 3 degrees%

4.3 معلومات عامة بخصوص حساب المدخلات والتكاليف

عملة أخرى/ عملة وطنية (حدد):

somoni

أشر إلى سعر الصرف من الدولار الأمريكي إلى العملة المحلية (إذا كان ذا صلة): 1 دولار أمريكي =:

4,5

4.4 أنشطة التأسيس

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت
1.	Fence building	بنيوية أو هيكلية	At the start
2.	Irrigation pipes	بنيوية أو هيكلية	At the start
3.	Tree planting	نباتية	At the start
4.	Cover cropping (lucerne replanting)	زراعية	annually
5.	Small vegetable beds	زراعية	annually
6.	Vegetable garden	زراعية	annually

4.5 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للتأسيس

	تحديد المدخلات	الوحدة	الكمية	التكاليف لكل وحدة	إجمالي التكاليف لكل مدخل	% من التكاليف التي يتحملها مستخدمو الأراضي
العمالة	Fence building	Persons/day	100,0	25,0	2500,0	100,0
العمالة	Tree planting	Persons/day	10,0	25,0	250,0	100,0
العمالة	Cover cropping	Persons/day	5,0	25,0	125,0	100,0
العمالة	Vegetable garden	Persons/day	50,0	25,0	1250,0	100,0
المواد النباتية	Trees	Pieces	50,0	10,0	500,0	100,0
المواد النباتية	Plants	Pieces	3000,0	0,33333333	1000,0	100,0
مواد البناء	Fence	meter	200,0	2,25	450,0	100,0
مواد البناء	Irrigation pipe	meter	1500,0	1,5	2250,0	100,0
غير ذلك	Labour: Small vegetable beds	Persons/day	20,0	25,0	500,0	100,0
إجمالي تكاليف إنشاء التقنية					8825,0

التعليقات:

Duration of establishment phase: 48 month(s)

4.6 الصيانة/الأنشطة المتكررة

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت/الوتيرة
1.	Better crop cover and cover cropping	زراعية	Annually
2.	Stone clearing	زراعية	Annually
3.	Vegetable garden	زراعية	Annually
4.	Animal husbandry (and bee keeping)	زراعية	Annual
5.	Fertilising (garden vegetables)	زراعية	Annual
6.	Tree planting	نباتية	Annually
7.	Lucerne reseeding	نباتية	Annually
8.	Vegetable planting	نباتية	Annually
9.	Small vegetable beds	بنيوية أو هيكلية	Annual

4.7 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للصيانة/للأنشطة المتكررة (سنويًا)

	تحديد المدخلات	الوحدة	الكمية	التكاليف لكل وحدة	إجمالي التكاليف لكل مدخل	% من التكاليف التي يتحملها مستخدمو الأراضي
العمالة	Better crop cover and cover cropping	Persons/day	10,0	25,0	250,0	100,0
العمالة	Stone clearing	Persons/day	10,0	25,0	250,0	100,0
العمالة	Vegetable garden incl. fertilizing	Persons/day	15,0	25,0	375,0	100,0
العمالة	Animal husbandry (and bee keeping)	Persons/day	40,0	25,0	1000,0	100,0
غير ذلك	Labour: Tree planting	Persons/day	10,0	25,0	250,0	100,0
غير ذلك	Labour: Lucerne reseeding	Persons/day	10,0	25,0	250,0	100,0
غير ذلك	Labour: Vegetable planting	Persons/day	50,0	25,0	1250,0	100,0
غير ذلك	Labour: Preparing small vegetable beds	Persons/day	20,0	25,0	500,0	100,0
إجمالي تكاليف صيانة التقنية					4125,0

التعليقات:

Machinery/ tools: All work is done manually. There is one mule available to aid with carrying fodder and rocks., All works done manually. Mule assists with heavy lifting and carrying.

The area is approximately one hectare in total, however the costs are spread over a period of time up to 2010.

4.8 أهم العوامل المؤثرة على التكاليف

قدم وصفا لأهم العوامل التي تؤثر على التكاليف:

The human labour costs (I believe) are most misleading. The farmer and his family happily and willingly committed their time and effort over a period of 27 years to improving this piece of land – as they knew that their family lifestyle would vastly improve and be greatly assured through their efforts. As the farmer said during the interview: “What else would I be doing?” Meaning – this is his life and he thoroughly enjoyed the inputs, realising the richness of the outputs.
Fence costs were minimal (a few hundred dollars) as on departure of the Russians after the Soviet period, the factories were ransacked by locals for metals of all types, not a sustainable practice, but at this time gave locals access to free materials to use. In this case for fencing.
Trees – there was an initial set up cost and the farmer said he tries to plant at least 20 new trees each year to maintain and enhance productivity.
Lucerne – there was a set up cost (farmer forgets how much – but approx. $50) for seed. But now the lucerne is almost self-regenerating (from it's own seeds) as the last cut each year is for seed production that the farmer spreads in the lucerne field.

5.1 المناخ

5.2 طوبوغرافيا

وضح ما إذا كانت التقنية مطبقة على وجه التحديد في:

• حالات محدبة أو نتؤات

التعليقات والمواصفات الإضافية بشأن التضاريس:

Altitudinal zone: The site is exactly at 1,180 meters a.s.l.

5.3 التربة

إذا كان متاحًا، قم بإرفاق وصف كامل للتربة أو تحديد المعلومات المتوفرة، على سبيل المثال نوع التربة، الرقم الهيدروجيني/ درجة حموضة التربة، قدرة التبادل الكاتيوني، النيتروجين، الملوحة وما إلى ذلك.

Soil texture: Loess soil – silty loam

Soil fertility is high with proper management (as in intervention) these soils are very fertile. Before the intervention –extremely low fertility

Topsoil organic matter was before intervention <1%

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 توافر المياه ونوعيتها

تعليقات ومواصفات أخرى بشأن نوعية المياه وكميتها:

Availability of surface water was medium before the intervention.

Water quality (untreated) is good because the spring water is almost pure water.

5.5 التنوع البيولوجي

التعليقات والمواصفات الإضافية بشأن التنوع البيولوجي:

But it will have improved with intervention through dramatically increased vegetation cover

5.6 خصائص مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

اذكر الخصائص الأخرى ذات الصلة لمستخدمي الأراضي:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: There is not a great difference. The farmer’s wife shares the workload but tends to focus more on the garden, fruit production, household duties and bee keeping. The farmer generally conducts hay cutting and gathering, stone removal, fence upkeep and animal tending (feeding and slaughtering when required).

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

10% of the land users are average wealthy.
80% of the land users are poor.
10% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: The issue is that it tends to be the older and very young family members (ie Mr Enomali and his wife are in their late 50s, and their pre-school age grandchildren stay with them) stay on the farm. The others (18 to 50 yrs old) have paid employment in Dushanbe and Russia – and only visit the farm occasionally. However, it is believed they part-finance (contribute) to the upkeep of the family farm.

Market orientation of production system: All of the farm produce stays on the farm for home consumption, but they do eat well and very healthy (fresh and organic) food.

Level of mechanization: Normally manual but with one mule to help with heavy work.

5.7 متوسط مساحة الأرض المملوكة أو المستأجرة من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

5.8 ملكية الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام المياه

ملكية الارض:

• دولة

حقوق استخدام الأراضي:

• فردي

التعليقات:

Not yet an issue – as he is the only one with access to the spring water.

5.9 الوصول إلى الخدمات والبنية التحتية

6.1 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية في الموقع

الآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية

الإنتاج

توافر المياه ونوعيتها

الدخل والتكاليف

الآثار الاجتماعية والثقافية

الآثار الايكولوجية

دورة المياه / الجريان السطحي

التربة

التنوع البيولوجي: الغطاء النباتي، الحيوانات

الآثار الايكولوجية الأخرى

6.2 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية خارج الموقع

6.3 تعرض التقنية وحساسيتها لتغير المناخ التدريجي والظواهر المتطرفة/الكوارث المرتبطة بالمناخ (كما يراها مستخدمو الأراضي)

تغير مناخ تدريجي

تغير مناخ تدريجي

	الموسم	نوع التغير المناخي/ المتطرف	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
درجة الحرارة السنوية		زيادة	جيدا

الظواهر المتطرفة / الكوارث المرتبطة بالمناخ

الكوارث الجوية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
عاصفة ممطرة محلية	جيدا
عاصفة هوائية محلية	جيدا

الكوارث المناخية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
جفاف	جيدا

الكوارث الهيدرولوجية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
فيضان عام (نهر)	غير معروف

العواقب الأخرى المتعلقة بالمناخ

العواقب الأخرى المتعلقة بالمناخ

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
انخفاض فترة النمو	جيدا

6.4 تحليل التكلفة والعائد

كيف يمكن مقارنة العوائد نسبة لتكاليف الإنشاء (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

كيف تتم مقارنة العوائدمع كلفة الصيانة/التكاليف المتكررة (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

التعليقات:

The establishment and ongoing costs are very small in comparison to the long and short term benefits. If natural materials cannot be used for fencing materials, then the initial establishment costs will be higher.

6.5 اعتماد التقنية

• حالات فردية/تجريبية

إذا كان متاحًا، قم بتحديد الكمية (عدد الأسر المعيشية و/أو المساحةالمغطاة):

1 household

من بين جميع الذين تبنوا التقنية، كم عدد الذين فعلوا ذلك بشكل تلقائي، أي دون تلقي أي حوافز مادية/مدفوعات؟:

• 100-90‏%

التعليقات:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There are (seemingly) quite a few enclosures already in this area – but these have not been reviewed.

6.7 نقاط القوة / المزايا / الفرص التي توفرها التقنية

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي
The land provided food security and a small income for my family. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To replicate it, maybe small grants and loans could be awarded.

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
The fence building started and underpins the whole SLM initiative. That it was achieved by only 2-3 people, in a one year period and at low cost (using mainly scrap materials) adds to the strengths. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer wishes to expand his fenced area so the enclosure is 1 ha in size
Bringing water to the site (at his own cost) by poly pipe was a critical part to the technology. The land in the enclosure would probably have improved anyway, due to animal exclusion, but this was greatly improved by the provison of irrigation water. This is relatively a small volume of water, but it is available all year round which is key to the plants being able to survive through the hot summer months. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer wishes to source a 2nd spring to water the extended (1 ha) site
The rich mix of vegetation on the site (trees, perennial fodder legume and vegetable production) not only ensures the intervention remains viable but also ensures a continuous, rich, healthy food supply to the family all year round How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer has already started to plant new fruit trees outside the fence area, in readiness for moving the fence to encompass a 1 ha site
Clearing stones was an important technological input, to greatly increase the available “growth area” for the introduced plants and trees as well as maintain soil depth. Linked to the irrigation system, the increased soil depth has greatly aided the vitality of this SLM approach – especially in the hot summer months. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Stone clearing will be a critical phase of the expansion of the enclosure to 1 ha.

6.8 نقاط ضعف / مساوىء / مخاطر التقنية وسبل التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر مستخدم الأراضي	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
It is a lengthy process to secure land certificates.

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
Enclosing the land is important, however the cost of the wire fence becomes an issue.	There may be access to finance through the bank or from relatives.
The success of the project is dependent upon the supply of irrigated water to supplement the rainfed supply.	Areas for replication need to be assessed for water supply. There is also potential that drip irrigation schemes could help support the implementation of the technology.