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Technologies
Inactive

Improved Kibanja cropping system [Tanzania, United Republic of]

Ekibanja ekiine emikolele emirungi (Haya/Nyambo)

technologies_1183 - Tanzania, United Republic of

Completeness: 84%

1. معلومات عامة

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
Government:
SLM specialist:
Government:

Makung'uto Iddi

Missenyi District Council

Tanzania, United Republic of

Government:

Kagaruki Anna Grace

Missenyi District Council

Tanzania, United Republic of

Government:

Subira John

Missenyi District Council

Tanzania, United Republic of

SLM specialist:

Kaihura Fidelis

+255 754273849

Fidelis.kaihura@fao.org

Kagera TAMP

P.O.Box 127 Bukoba

Tanzania, United Republic of

Government:

Kitundu Elizabeth

Missenyi District Council

P.O.BOX 38 Missenyi

Tanzania, United Republic of

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italy
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Kagera Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management (K-TAMP) - Tanzania, United Republic of
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Tanzania, United Republic of

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

11/07/2012

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

نعم

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

This is a traditional banana and coffee complex cropping system interplanted with annual crops, trees,shrubs, vegetables and other diverse plants of social economic importance.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Improved traditional multi-cropping system that combines banana and coffee as main crops planted in a specific spacing to optimize plant stands. Banana and coffee are intercropped with; 1. annuals crops: Maize, beans, yams, coco-yams;2. Vegetables: Lycoperscum esculentum, Amaranthus spp, Cucumis communis and Solanum aethopium ;3. Shrubs of social economic value. Trees (e.g Maesopsis eminii, Makhcamia lutea, Ricinus comunis, Ficus thorninghii) and shrubs (Dracaena usambarensis) are planted on the farm edge. These serve as live fence, wind breaker, source of timber, fuel wood, medicine and protect the field against erosion. To optimize farm production, application of 15cm thick mulch ( grass mulch and banana prunnings), farmyard or compost manure and interplanting with soil fertility and/or soil moisture improvement trees are ensured. With problems of climate change, water harvesting ditches and trenches are constructed. Water harvesting ditches are constructed to collect water from micro catchments like roads or homestead. Sustainability of the Improved Kibanja system has always been assured through crop/livestock integration approaches.The cropping system is typical in high rainfall areas along foot slopes, valley bottoms or hilltops preferably on fertile and deep soils.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose is improve soil fertility,moisture, controlling soil erosion (wind and water) and suppressing weeds in order to improve the production banana, coffee and other inter planted crops.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities: 1. Land clearing and preparation: Slashing, uprooting tree stumps, ploughing and pitting 60cm x 90cm banana hole and 60cm x 60cm coffee (Mid June to August) using simple farm implements; 2.Farm Yard Manure application: 60 Kg per banana holes and 36 Kg per coffee hole (August to early September); 2. Planting: 308 banana suckers at 3.6m x 8m spacing, 830 coffee seedlings at 3m x 8m spacing in alternating row, edge row trees seedling at 10m spacing and 15cm spacing for shrubs e.g. Dracaena usambarensis (September to November);4. Excavation of water retention structure ( after planting mainly in Novermber). Full establishment of Improved Kibanja cropping system can be attained in three years.
Maintenance activities:1. Weeding:Done two times per year (mid January to February / July to augost) before planting annual crops; 2.FYM enrichment: Every after 3 years; iii. banana dethrashing and desuckering ,topping mulch, coffee pruning and harvesting (Immediately after weeding); 4. Other maintenence activities: Disease control (nematode, banana weevils, Banana Xanthamonas Wilt) and Propping (using pole to support banana plant with heavy bunches against wind); 5.Inputs: Labour, farmyard manure, propping poles, mulch; 6. Simple farm implements:Hand hoe,machete and wheel barrow.

Natural / human environment: The technology is implemented in mixed land use type under sub humid condition receiving 1000-1500mm of rains per year. A combination of soil and water improvement measures (FYM application, Mulching, water retention ditches and live fencing) complement each other to minimize risk of crop failure and hence improve production. The slope is gentle to moderate , soil depth is moderate and soil texture loam. Simple hand tools are traditional used,Land ownership is individual not titled. Application of this technology determined by high establishment and maintenence cost.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

بلد:

Tanzania, United Republic of

Region/ State/ Province:

Tanzania

Further specification of location:

Missenyi District, Kyazi Village

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Improved traditional land use system: The use of combination of measures in Improved Kibanja Cropping system in Kagera has been existing for more than 100 year ago.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • improve soil fertility

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

  • Agro-silvopastoralism
Main products/ services:

Ficus thoninji,Markhamia lutea,Maesopesis eminii

major cash crop: Beans, banana and avocado

major food crop: Beans and banana



Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil nutrient loss, decline of soil moisture and soil erosion by wind and fast water runoff.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Reduced crop production, loss of indigenous medicinal plants, reduced water water quatity in natural water sources.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Due to mixed farming and agroforestry there is high nutrient cycling resulting in high productivity

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 2
حددها:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: Short rains (September to December); Second longest growing period in days: 65; Second longest growing period from month to month: Long rains (March to June)

Livestock density (if relevant):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • agroforestry
  • windbreak/ shelterbelt
  • water harvesting

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
  • < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.062 km2.

2ha approximately

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

agronomic measures

  • A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility
vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V1: Tree and shrub cover
  • V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants
structural measures

structural measures

  • S4: Level ditches, pits
management measures

management measures

  • M3: Layout according to natural and human environment
Comments:

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, retaining more vegetation cover, mulching, manure / compost / residues, minimum tillage, pits

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind, aligned: -along boundary, aligned: -linear

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
Comments:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Cultivation along the slope and overcultivation), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Cultivation of season crop without reprenishing of soil nutrients), change of seasonal rainfall (Fractuation in rain season), droughts, population pressure, education, access to knowledge and support services

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), land tenure, poverty / wealth, inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Jasson Rwazo, P.O.BOX 38 Misseny Tanzania, rjrwazo@gmail.com

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Location: Kyazi Village. Missenyi District, Kagera Region, Tanzania

Date: 2012.08.28

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (The technology requires moderate technical knowledge for adoption)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (The technology requires moderate technical knowledge for adoption)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter

Secondary technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity)

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Banana
Quantity/ density: 304
Remarks: 3.6 m by 8m

Retaining more vegetation cover
Material/ species: Beans
Remarks: Random

Mulching
Material/ species: Grass mulch, banana(Prooning) trashes mulch
Quantity/ density: 10000
Remarks: Spreading the mulch

Material/ species: Coffee
Quantity/ density: 830
Remarks: 3m by 8m

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Farmyard manure, farm residure,
Quantity/ density: 40 tone
Remarks: Spreading on the pit

Minimum tillage
Material/ species: Hand hoe,matechette

Pits
Material/ species: Hand hoe,matechette

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 277
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): Random
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): Random
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): Random
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 100000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 100000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01

Trees/ shrubs species: Maeesopsis Eminii, Dracaena usambalensis,Erythrina abysinica

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Pawpaw, Orange, Avocado

Perennial crops species: Banana, Coffee, Vanilla

Other species: Carisa edulis (shrubs)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6.3%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 6.3%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.4
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.15
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.15
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Waterway
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.4
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.75
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.4
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.75
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Construction material (earth): 2.25 m3 of earth material used per ditch

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 8%

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 10m3

Catchment area: 1.6Ham2

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:3.5

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:
  • US Dollars
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

1

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Land clearing and preparation:Slashing,uprooting tree stumps, ploughing and pitting June to August
2. Availing and applying 54 tone Farm Yard August to early September
3. Planting: 308 banana suckers 830 coffee and tree edge low tree seedlings From September
4. Construction of water harvesting ditches Structural Once year

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Land clearing persons/day 202,0 1,18316 239,0 100,0
Labour Construction of water harvesting ditches persons/day 4,0 0,937 3,75 100,0
Equipment Tools ha 1,0 61,56 61,56 100,0
Plant material Seedlings pieces 1138,0 0,0468 53,26 100,0
Fertilizers and biocides Manure tons 54,0 34,7222 1875,0
Other Cuttings ha 1,0 2234,6 2234,6 100,0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 4467,17
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. Topping grass mulch Agronomic 3 times per year
2. Farm yard manure enrichment Agronomic 2 times per year
3. Removal of sediments and debris in water retention ditches. Agronomic Every year
4. To replacement propping Poles Agronomic Every 1.5 year
5. To corve transportation cost Agronomic Manure
6. Replacement of propping pole and live hedges Vegetative Every 1.5 year
7. Removal of sediments and debris in water retention ditches Structural Once per year

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Topping grass mulch persons/day 10,0 4,101 41,01 100,0
Labour Applying FYM persons/day 10,0 3,906 39,06 100,0
Labour Removal of sediments persons/day 4,0 0,9375 3,75 100,0
Labour To replacement propping Poles persons/day/ha 10,0 3,906 39,06 100,0
Equipment Tools per ha 4,0 1,875 7,5 100,0
Fertilizers and biocides Farm yard manure tons 20,833 46,8 974,98 100,0
Construction material Wood pieces/ha 600,0 0,625 375,0 100,0
Other Mulching material bundle 300,0 1,875 562,5 100,0
Other Transportation trips 19,0 61,673 1171,79 100,0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 3214,65
Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Machetes, Mattocks, Hand hoe, spade, wheel barrow, Machete,Hand hoes, spade, Hand hoe,Machete, Spade

Cost assesment completed in June 2012

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Manure is most determinate factor high transportation cost especially during establishment

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Avarage rainfall 1200mm, Bimode rainfall, 5 month dry season

Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid

Thermal climate class: tropics. Annual temperature 23C

Length of growing period 120 -300 days

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
  • concave situations
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zonation: 1270m a.s.l

Slopes on average: Movement of soil due to erosion, exposure of parent rock on some part of the farm

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow on the hill slope and moderately deep on the valley bottom, also deep sometimes

Soil texture (topsoil): Sandy loam

Topsoil organic matter: Due to the high use of organic manure (farm yard manure) and mulch

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium due to the high use of organic manure (farm yard manure), mulch, good aeration

Soil water storage capacity is medium due to the high use of organic manure (farm yard manure) and mulch

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

> 50 m

Availability of surface water:

medium

Water quality (untreated):

poor drinking water (treatment required)

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • medium
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Different species of soil micro organisms and plant species

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The land inheritance is mainly dominated by male, women mostly use the land for production of understory crops such as beans; banana and coffee production is dominated by men

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%; 3%

5% of the land users are very rich and own 30% of the land (Own 2.5-5 acre land, car, 10-20 catlle,brick wall house).
15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (Own 1-2.5 acre of land,2-5 cattle, brick wall house).
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 35% of the land (Own 0.5-1 acre of land,2-3 goats,mud wall house with corrugarated iron roof).
15% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land (Own 0-0.5 acre of land, no livestock, mud house withgrass roofing).
5% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (Does not own land or own less than 0.5 acre of land, work as casual labour).

Off-farm income specification: 90% of land users income depends on on- income

Market orientation of production system: Mainly for substence for commecial

Level of mechanization: Using hand tools

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, not titled

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

50

Quantity after SLM:

300

Comments/ specify:

Bunch of banana with 70 kg each

risk of production failure

increased
decreased

product diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Depend mainly on banana sell

land management

hindered
simplified
Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

1875 $

Quantity after SLM:

1406 $

farm income

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

6250

Quantity after SLM:

25000

Comments/ specify:

Annual income in dollar

diversity of income sources

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Solery depend on farm

workload

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Reduced weeding, but technology is labour intensive.

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved
Quantity before SLM:

1000

Quantity after SLM:

4000

Comments/ specify:

Increase in bunch of banana produde annually

health situation

worsened
improved
Quantity before SLM:

5

Quantity after SLM:

2

Comments/ specify:

Frequency of attedndence to hospital due to edequate food supply

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Adoption by neighbouring farmers

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

harvesting/ collection of water

reduced
improved
Quantity before SLM:

0

Quantity after SLM:

10

Comments/ specify:

Due to water harvesting dithchers along the foot path in the farm

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Due to the use of mulch and corver crops

evaporation

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Due to corver crop and mulch

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Use of banana trash mulch and other corver crops

soil cover

reduced
improved

nutrient cycling/ recharge

decreased
increased
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases

increased
decreased

fire risk

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Due to mulching material

wind velocity

increased
decreased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

water availability

decreased
increased

damage on neighbours' fields

increased
reduced

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm well
local windstorm well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period well
Comments:

Use drainage trenches

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

Comments:

Depending on regular application of manure and mulch plus good management of the farm

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • more than 50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

317 households (70 percent of all land users in the area)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 90-100%
Comments:

317 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Limited with high labour and input cost (Manure)

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Increased house hold food security and income

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Schedule regular maintenance activities
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Soil moisture conservation

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of water harvesting ditches and replacement of mulching materials
Soil fertility improvement

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular application of manure and mulch
Improvement of soil structure and aeration

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Manure and mulch application
Control of soil erosion

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of plant cover and water retention ditches, manure and mulch application

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
High labour and capital demand Phase in implementation and regular maintenance of the technology
High risk of fire Use of fire breaks

7. References and links

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Improving Productivity of Field Crops and Post Harvest Management in North west Tanzania,United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives,2008

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

Kagera TAMP project website

URL:

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/

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