A solar cooker is a device which uses sunlight as its energy source. A mirror or alluminium shiny sheets is used to concentrate light and heat from the sun into a small cooking area. (Kutlwano Mulale)

Solar Cooker (Botswana)

Setofo sa marang a letsatsi

Description

Harnessing solar energy through solar cookers

The basic principle of all solar cookers is to concentrate sunlight using a mirror or some type of reflective metal. It is used to concentrate light and heat from the sun into a small cooking area making the energy more concentrated and therefore more potent. Parabolic shaped solar cookers - when a three dimensional parabolic is aimed at the sun, all the light that falls upon its mirrored surface is reflected to a point known as the focus.

The technology is supplied by the Rural Industries Innovation Centre (RIIC) in Botswana. The solar cooker is maintained by cleaning the reflector mirrors with soft cloth soaked in soap and rinse with clean water. Turn reflector anti-clockwise until it hits the stand leg to lock it in place when it not in use. The solar cooker requires frequent adjustment and supervision for safe operation.

The solar cooker is best used in an open atmosphere with direct sunlight. A solar cooker needs an outdoor spot that is sunny for several hours and protected from strong winds and where food will be safe. Solar cookers do not work at night or on cloudy days.

Location

Location: Southern District, Botswana, Botswana

No. of Technology sites analysed:

Geo-reference of selected sites
  • 25.0, -24.0

Spread of the Technology: evenly spread over an area (approx. < 0.1 km2 (10 ha))

In a permanently protected area?:

Date of implementation:

Type of introduction

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose
  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact
  • create beneficial social impact
Land use
Land use mixed within the same land unit: Yes - Agro-pastoralism (incl. integrated crop-livestock)

  • Cropland
    • Annual cropping: cereals - maize, cereals - sorghum, legumes and pulses - beans, vegetables - melon, pumpkin, squash or gourd
    Number of growing seasons per year: 1
  • Grazing land
    • Semi-nomadic pastoralism
    Animal type: cattle - non-dairy beef, goats, mules and asses, poultry, sheep
    Products and services: meat
  • Settlements, infrastructure - Settlements, buildings
Water supply
  • rainfed
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
  • full irrigation

Purpose related to land degradation
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
  • adapt to land degradation
  • not applicable
Degradation addressed
  • soil erosion by water - Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • soil erosion by wind - Et: loss of topsoil
  • biological degradation - Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline
SLM group
  • energy efficiency technologies
SLM measures
  • structural measures -
  • management measures -

Technical drawing

Technical specifications

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs
  • Costs are calculated:
  • Currency used for cost calculation: Pula
  • Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = 6.6 Pula
  • Average wage cost of hired labour per day: n.a
Most important factors affecting the costs
Material followed by labour
Establishment activities
n.a.
Maintenance activities
n.a.

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid
  • arid
Specifications on climate
Seasonal summer rains in 6 months dry (LGP=75-179 days)
Thermal climate class: subtropics. Subtropical thermal climate. Semi-arid with dry winters (LGP=75-179 days)
Slope
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitude
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
  • convex situations
  • concave situations
  • not relevant
Soil depth
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
  • high (>3%)
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
Groundwater table
  • on surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Availability of surface water
  • excess
  • good
  • medium
  • poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
  • good drinking water
  • poor drinking water (treatment required)
  • for agricultural use only (irrigation)
  • unusable
Water quality refers to:
Is salinity a problem?
  • Yes
  • No

Occurrence of flooding
  • Yes
  • No
Species diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low
Habitat diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income
  • less than 10% of all income
  • 10-50% of all income
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
  • very poor
  • poor
  • average
  • rich
  • very rich
Level of mechanization
  • manual work
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
  • Nomadic
Individuals or groups
  • individual/ household
  • groups/ community
  • cooperative
  • employee (company, government)
Gender
  • women
  • men
Age
  • children
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly
Area used per household
  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Scale
  • small-scale
  • medium-scale
  • large-scale
Land ownership
  • state
  • company
  • communal/ village
  • group
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Water use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Access to services and infrastructure
health

poor
x
good
education

poor
x
good
technical assistance

poor
x
good
employment (e.g. off-farm)

poor
x
good
markets

poor
x
good
energy

poor
x
good
roads and transport

poor
x
good
drinking water and sanitation

poor
x
good
financial services

poor
x
good

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts
wood production
decreased
x
increased

energy generation (e.g. hydro, bio)
decreased
x
increased

workload
increased
x
decreased


With respect to firewood collection

Socio-cultural impacts
recreational opportunities
reduced
x
improved

SLM/ land degradation knowledge
reduced
x
improved

conflict mitigation
worsened
x
improved

situation of socially and economically disadvantaged groups (gender, age, status, ehtnicity etc.)
worsened
x
improved


Less demand on the time and labour of women and the girl child who are the main collectors of firewood

Improved livelihoods and human well-being
decreased
x
increased


It provides cheaper alternative sources of energy.Reduced workload for firewood collectors(women and girl child)

Ecological impacts
water quantity
decreased
x
increased

water quality
decreased
x
increased

harvesting/ collection of water (runoff, dew, snow, etc)
reduced
x
improved

surface runoff
increased
x
decreased

excess water drainage
reduced
x
improved

groundwater table/ aquifer
lowered
x
recharge

evaporation
increased
x
decreased

soil moisture
decreased
x
increased

soil cover
reduced
x
improved

soil loss
increased
x
decreased

soil crusting/ sealing
increased
x
reduced

soil compaction
increased
x
reduced

nutrient cycling/ recharge
decreased
x
increased

salinity
increased
x
decreased

soil organic matter/ below ground C
decreased
x
increased

biomass/ above ground C
decreased
x
increased

plant diversity
decreased
x
increased

animal diversity
decreased
x
increased

beneficial species (predators, earthworms, pollinators)
decreased
x
increased

habitat diversity
decreased
x
increased

pest/ disease control
decreased
x
increased

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases
increased
x
decreased

fire risk
increased
x
decreased

wind velocity
increased
x
decreased

Off-site impacts
water availability (groundwater, springs)
decreased
x
increased

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season (incl. low flows)
reduced
x
increased

downstream flooding (undesired)
increased
x
reduced

downstream siltation
increased
x
decreased

groundwater/ river pollution
increased
x
reduced

buffering/ filtering capacity (by soil, vegetation, wetlands)
reduced
x
improved

wind transported sediments
increased
x
reduced

damage on neighbours' fields
increased
x
reduced

damage on public/ private infrastructure
increased
x
reduced

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Benefits compared with maintenance costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Climate change

Gradual climate change
annual temperature increase

not well at all
x
very well
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
local windstorm

not well at all
x
very well
drought

not well at all
x
very well
Other climate-related consequences
Cloudy weather

not well at all
x
very well

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
  • single cases/ experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
  • Yes
  • No
To which changing conditions?
  • climatic change/ extremes
  • changing markets
  • labour availability (e.g. due to migration)

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view
  • Helps conserve trees,otherwise cut for fuelwood-saves 1 ton of wood per year

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Disseminate the technology to rural household
  • Reduces labour time for gathering fuelwood

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve incomes of rural household so that they could afford the technology
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
  • 1) Helps conserve trees,otherwise cut for fuelwood-saves 1 ton of wood per year

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Disseminate the technology to rural household
  • 2Reduces labour time for gathering fuelwood

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve income of rural households so that they could afford the technology
  • Solar energy is renewable and entirely non-polluting
  • Smoke free cooking
  • Solar energy is free
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
  • Strong winds can upset cookers and pots on them if not sheltered Build unroofed shelter around cooking area
  • Open cooking exposes food to dust
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome
  • 1)Only cook when it is sunny Safe storage facility
  • 2)Parabolic cookers need frequent adjustment Build unroofed shelter around cooking area
  • Need to stole cooker during rainy season
  • Strong winds can upset cookers and pots on them if not sheltered
  • Open cooking exposes food to dust

References

Compiler
  • Julius Atlhopheng
Editors
Reviewer
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Alexandra Gavilano
Date of documentation: Nov. 16, 2010
Last update: March 19, 2019
Resource persons
Full description in the WOCAT database
Linked SLM data
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution Project
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International