1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

18/10/2005

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Stone faced soil bund is an embankemt constructed along the contour by the use of stone and soil as a construction material.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The technology is used in areas where there is no sufficient amount of stone and when the soil depth is shallow. It is established by digging soil and form the embankment. The stone is used at the downslope side for reinforcing the structure. Vegetation is planted on the upper part where there is soil. The purpose is to reduce runoff, decrease slope length, increase infiltration rate and then minimize soil erosion. The structure requires maintenance regularly. Since the stone walls are offten made of small stones, which are not stable. In order to properly stablize the structure livestock should not be allowed to graze on where the structure are placed. Checking for breaks after heavy storms and repair the breaks if any enhances the formation of bench terraces fast.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

from other regions, which started it first.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): overgrazing, land degradation, population pressure

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): low productivity, erosion

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: free grazing

Grazingland comments: The size of livestock is decreasing because of shortage of land and poor fodder availablity.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: legumes, teff, wheat, sorghum

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed-irrigated

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Dec

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• cross-slope measure

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 12.51 m2.

hand tools and seedling transportation support is from GTZ and IFSP

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), overgrazing, other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes), labour availability (lack of labour), land subdivision

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify, poverty / wealth (lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), lack of enforcement of legislat./authority

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Amhara

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope length

Agronomic measure: Planting on bunds
Material/ species: Grasses, sesbenia, vetiver

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: from cow dung & green materials

Contour tillage
Remarks: Traditional farm tools

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 4500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.05
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.7

Trees/ shrubs species: sesbania treclucern

Grass species: vetiver, bana, grass green gold

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 20
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3-0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6-1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 110
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5-0.6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6-1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 110

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 5%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - area closuer on small size

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Birr

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

8.6

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	production of planting materials	Vegetative	dry season
2.	transporting planting materials	Vegetative	onset of rain
3.	planting	Vegetative	rainy season
4.	stone collection	Structural	dry
5.	digging foundation	Structural	dry
6.	construction of the bund	Structural	dry
7.	area clouser	Management	the whole year

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	183.0	183.0	100.0
Labour	Harvest	ha	1.0	24.0	24.0	100.0
Equipment	Animal traction	ha	1.0	34.0	34.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	18.0	18.0
Plant material	Seeds	ha	1.0	11.0	11.0	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings	ha	1.0	3.0	3.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					273.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	recycling crop residue	Agronomic	dry season / annual
2.	seed bad preparation	Agronomic	dry season / annual
3.	ploughing	Agronomic	dry season / annual
4.	manure/fertilizer	Agronomic	beginning of rains / annual
5.	weeding	Agronomic	end of rain / annual
6.	harvesting	Agronomic	dry season / annual
7.	replanting	Vegetative	rainy season /as required
8.	pruning/pollarding	Vegetative	after rain /when there is enough biomass
9.	collecting of stone	Structural	dry season/as required
10.	repair the broken part	Structural	dry season/as required
11.	stone facet soil fund	Management	dry season (when needed) /

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					25.0

Comments:

it is for stone faced soil bund construction

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

availability of stone, slope, soil depth

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (mid altitudes, ranked 1) and 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l. (better rainfall, ranked 2)
Landforms: Footslopes (big and deep gullies exist, ranked 1) and hill slopes (small gullies, ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Rolling (medium soil depth, ranked 1), moderate (deep soil, ranked 2) and hilly (shallow soil, ranked 3)

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow (gentle slopes, ranked 1) and very shallow (highly steep slopes, ranked 2)
Soil texture: Medium (rolling, ranked 1) and coarse/light (helly, ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1) and low (ranked 2)
Topsoil organic matter: Medium (ranked 1, flat terrain) and low (on all land, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
and own 11% of the land.
and own 72% of the land.
and own 27% of the land.

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state
• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• individual

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

75% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

4 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

75% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

4 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: moderate

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
decrease soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? continous maintenance and limit livestock movment
increase soil depth
increase production

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
decrease slope length How can they be sustained / enhanced? continuous maintenance
increase infiltration

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
loss of land	increase the productivity per unit area of land
pest	use of pesticide