1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Ministry of Agriculture of Kazakhstan (MoA) - Eritrea

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

30/09/2003

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The technology of watering through furrow reduces the settlement (recommended) sizes of irrigating norms up to 30% keeps soil fertility

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

It is applied for watering on furrow at ploughed cultures.
It is intended for decrease in irrigating norms and preservation of fertility of soils.
The technology of watering through furrow
-Does not result in change of zone system of agriculture
-Provides pass of soil-cultivating technique on dry furrow therefore are reduced the rates of soil condensation
-Reduces technological losses of irrigating water to filtration shed from the irrigated grounds evaporation
-Reduces the sizes of irrigating norms (recommended) up to 30%
-Reduces loading to drainage system up to 30%
-Slows down the rates of development of erosive processes and keeps soil fertility
-Raises productivity of cultivated cultures at deficiency of water
-Improves ecological conditions due to reduction of drainage shed of water for limits of irrigated files
-Does not demand additional expenses for its introduction

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• during experiments/ research

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Caused (provocative) waterings for reception of shoots at drying up of soil in a zone of an arrangement of seeds.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• Reduce amount of irrigation water

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Water resources management. Reduction of technological losses of irrigating water at its transportation from water-fence up to fields of an irrigation.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Technologies of the water-conservation, reduction of norms of entering of mineral fertilizers, increase in soil fertility. Normalization of water-submission on cultures and soil-meliorative conditions.

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: May - Sep

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• 10-100 km2

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 40 km2.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: soil conditioners (lime, gypsum), breaking compacted topsoil, pits, deep tillage / double digging

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply

Soil conditioners (lime, gypsum)
Material/ species: phospho-gypsum
Remarks: 4t/hec

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: tillage through grooves

Pits
Remarks: breaking compacted soil

Deep tillage / double digging
Remarks: by cultivator

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	650.0	650.0
Equipment	Machine use	ha	1.0	40.0	40.0
Construction material	Polyethylene film	ha	1.0	55.0	55.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					745.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	tillage	Agronomic	between / weekly
2.	entering of phospho-gypsum	Agronomic	watering / once a year in the autumn

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

If possible, break down the costs of maintenance according to the following table, specifying inputs and costs per input. If you are unable to break down the costs, give an estimation of the total costs of maintaining the Technology:

3.0

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Tillage and appliyng phospho-gypsum	ha	1.0	100.0	100.0
Construction material	Polyethylene film	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					125.0

Comments:

For arrangement of 1 ha width of furrow makes 100 meters, quantity of furrow makes 50

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Arrangement of furrows its cutting and reinforcing of the bottom of furrow

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Landforms: Valley of the Syrdarya river . Foothill plains of a ridge of the Karatau

Slopes on average: Flat for valley landforms for foothill plains

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is medium (Alluvial gray soils) - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium for alluvial meadow soils and poor for light gray soils

Soil water storage capacity is low for alluvial meadow soils and very low for light gray soils

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

1% of the land users are rich and own 50% of the land.
19% of the land users are average wealthy and own 39% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 1% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Due to pasturable live stock and cultivation of gourds

Market orientation of production system:Mixed for grain-crops, grasses and commercial orientation for cotton

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for ploughing, chasing and harvesting and mechanised for tillage interrow cultivation

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)
• leased

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 10-50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

850 households in an area of 40km2 (10-50 persons per km2)

Comments:

30% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

850 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The existing system of water-subdivision does not provide for water consume on demand of farmers within the limits of allocated limit but establishes sequence of watering. At present water-subdivision the farmers who watering on furrows an create, additional stocks of a moisture and so the watering technology through furrows has not received universal application

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Improves working conditions of labours and work of soil-cultivating technics
Reduces the sizes of irrigating norms
Raises productivity of agriculture at deficiency of wate

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Reduces technological losses of irrigating water to filtration, evaporations, shed from fields of on irrigation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Till progressive method od an irrigation drop, rain
Reduces intensity of soil condensation and development of denitrify processes
Reduces loading to drainage system and rates of pollution of water sources
Prevents degradation of the irrigated soils

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Increase in expenses for interrow processing	Application of soil cultivating technics
Increase in quantity of watering	Reinforcing furrows by pipes

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Reduction of the interwatering period	By increase in volume of use of subsoil waters to subirrigation
Increase in interrow processing	Regime of subsoil water management
Increase in cost the current expenses at watering and interrow processing	Increase in productivity of cultivated cultures

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Reports: Technology of an irrigation on the farm site in zone of Arys-Turkestan channal. 2000-2002 year.

Available from where? Costs?

SPC for Water management

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Recommendations on stabilization of agriculture in a zone of Arys-Turkestan channal