1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Karagwe District (Karagwe District) - Tanzania, United Republic of

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italy

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Traditional way of trees planting in hedges around the field /shamba.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Different tree spiecies are planted in rows arround the field/shamba mixed with shrubs ,tall trees are planted 3_5m plant to plant and shrubs are planted in between those tall trees. Tree spiecies are Phicus spp (mitoma), Makhamia spp (mishambya), Maepsis eminii (mihumula), Grivelia robuster, Cidrella odora, Acrocupuss spp. Shrub spp_Rukwatango, Dracaena usambarensis (Emigorola), Emikelele, Cassava (Manhot esculentas)

Purpose of the Technology: Purpose: Control soil ersion,Wind breaks,Provision of fire wood and Timbers. (Soil concervation improvement)

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Established by planting tree seedlings, Cuttings some times seeds. Maintained by weeding, prunning, Gap filling and Harvesting.

Natural / human environment: Decrease water run off, Act as a demacation of the field, Provide building poles. It can reduce conflict of resources especially fire wood and land.

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Without land concervation soil erosion and windwill be a crutial problem in the area.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Land scacity greater problems on fire wood,Timber and building poles

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: For chalcoal burning
Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: For agronomic purposes
Plantation forestry: Bush fire and maintanences

Problems / comments regarding forest use: There is rapid increase in population so the efectively use of the technologt is very important to the house hold and all community arround the area.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fo: Other

3.3 Further information about land use

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• windbreak/ shelterbelt

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• 1,000-10,000 km2

Comments:

It is very important for farmers to adopt the technology due to its positively beneficeries such as Fencing, Demacating, Wind breakers, Erosion control, Shade, Humas increase, Fire wood, Timber and building poles.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Tree cuting for domestic uses), change of seasonal rainfall (From 13oo _ 1800mm to1100-1300mm), education, access to knowledge and support services (No outreach program)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Farming activities), overgrazing (Free range system of grazing), change in temperature (From 20c to26c), droughts (Extended dry season), population pressure (Increase in population), poverty / wealth (Lack of fund)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Facilitater)
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Farmer)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction)
Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 1667
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 1250
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 25

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Planting tree seedlings and cuttings	Vegetative	Sept,Oct & March

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Planting tree seedlings and cuttings	days/unit	5.0	1.304	6.52	100.0
Equipment	Handhoes	unit	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
Equipment	Machete	unit	1.0	3.13	3.13	100.0
Equipment	Kihosho (Digger)	unit	1.0	3.13	3.13	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings, cuttings and seeds	unit	1.0	3.13	3.13	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					20.91

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Weeding	Vegetative	Adhoc
2.	Pruning	Vegetative	Adhoc
3.	Purchase Seedlings,cuttings and seeds	Vegetative

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Weeding	persons/day/ha	10.0	1.25	12.5	100.0
Labour	Prunning	persons/day/ha	5.0	1.25	6.25	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					18.75

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Landforms: Hill slopes and footslopes less common
Slopes on average: Few areas are hilly

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow due to presence of shrubs and grasses and moderately deep when there is natural vegetation (Presence of Big trees).
Topsoil organic matter: Little decomposion due to lack of natural forest
Soil fertility is medium and it is loamy, so several crops can grow
Soil drainage / infiltration is good for coarse soil texture and medium for loamy soil.
Soil water storage capacity is medium in loamy soils nad low in sandy ones.

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: 5-50 m when there os natural plantation.
Availability of surface water: Good during rain season and medium during dry season
Water quality: Good drinking water frequenttly throughout the year and poor during dry season

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: The land is owned by men
Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2%
1% of the land users are very rich and own 20% of the land (Previleged people).
9% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land (Business and civil servant people).
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land (Midium farmers).
25% of the land users are poor and own 8% of the land (People with little area for cultivation).
5% of the land users are poor and own 2% of the land (People with no area.).

Off-farm income specification: They may have a risk to reasource conflicts like firewood and land since the ownership are access
to their reasources and not for else one.

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village
• individual, not titled

Comments:

Majority of land users are not tittled

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not well

Comments:

This spiecies of tree are tolerant and adaptive climatical changes Eg. Maepsis aminii, Makhamia lutea, Grevelia robuster, Calliandra spp.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

The little costs needed in inicial stage of growth but in growing stages alitle efort is requered for prunning and harveting

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

2786 households covering 5 percent of stated area

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

2651 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: The planted trees are for sustainable land management they should be maintained and protect from ilegal harvesting.the trees must have sustanably uses.
135 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: Spontaneous adoption is slowly becouse there is no forcingimpact from the government.
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Access to fire wood for domestic use.
Access to timber for home uses.
Timber for community development activities such Schools and Health centers

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Conflict resolution among owners and neighbours
Bounder of the field/farm
Provision of timber, Fire wood.
Fodder and medicinal
Reduce soil erosion and water run off

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Labour costs.	Sale of livestock and cash crops.
Time consuming to reach harvest period.	To have seasonal crop as an orternative means.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Drought	Prunning
Bush fire	Make a farrow to cut off root penetration to the crop
Heavy shade
Nutrient competition with crops

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

Available from where? Costs?

WOCAT