1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

SPC of Forest Facility (SPC of Forest Facility) - Kazakhstan

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

10/12/2003

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Technology of creation of meliorative plantings for struggle against wind and water erosion

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

In Syrdarya river’s delta on alluvial drought sandy and loam sand soils processes of wind and water erosion become more active with a view of protection of the soils it is applied covering fascine made from a local cane or reed. Fascines thickness 12-15 cm settle down on a surface by lines in a 2-3 m. On distance of 20 centimeters it is carried out planting of a saxaul seedlings
-Planting of the saplings was done in holes and uninterrupted furrows, which were formed by hands.
-Depth of holes and furrows is 20-25 cm.
-Distance between holes was 1.5-2 m.
-Furrows were perpendicular to the prevailing winds (west-east) and placing mould in several optio0ns: 1- moulds on both sides; 2- the same from the southern side of a furrow; 3- the same from the northern side. Furrows alternated with holes rows.
-Length of rows variants in repetition was 100 m.
-Saplings were filled up by hands in rows in 1-2 meters, distance between rows was 2-2.5 meters.
Prevention of water and wind erosion on sandy and loamy sand soils of the Syrdarya delta.
Many farmers use the given technology for prevention of wind and water erosion on the lands.
The technology is applied on the area of 1.5 sq.km. Expenses per 1 ha make 99.2 $ USA or 14880 tenge.
Irrevocable water consumption in agricultural land use in the Syrdarya delta, development of the areas of irrigation, livestock grazing led to the contradiction between the agricultural industry and the ecological state of the region. It caused more intense processes of desertification, among them are soil salification and increase in the groundwater mineralization: degradation of vegetation cover; erosion and soil deflation; wind-blowing of the salts from dried bed of the Aral Sea; sand advance on the arable land, etc. At present about of 60% of irrigated areas within the Syrdarya delta are strongly salificated.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• during experiments/ research

Comments (type of project, etc.):

From Kazakh Research Institute of forest management at 1989-2002

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• reduce risk of disasters

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Loss of biological variety, degrodation of lands for agriculturing

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Approach of sand to settlements and agricultural grounds

Grazingland comments: With a transitional economy and absence of market relations it is prevail a fine farms with a small amount of cattle on a farmstead

Type of grazing system comments: With a transitional economy and absence of market relations it is prevail a fine farms with a small amount of cattle on a farmstead

Constraints of mines and extractive industries: old system of landed property

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 208; Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• windbreak/ shelterbelt
• improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• 1,000-10,000 km2

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3.5 km2.

Loamy sand and sandy alluvial desertification soils of delta of the river Syrdarya are subject to process of wind erosion Deflation-accumulative prosses create threat for settlement

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes - Excessive water-fence on an irrigation from the rivers Syrdarya and Amurdarya.)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Destraction saxaul fuel.), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (High wind activity in region (prevalence of winds with a speed up to 5 min/sec).)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Ameliorative plantings

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: reduction in wind speed

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 3000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1,5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0,2

Trees/ shrubs species: saxaul seedling

Grass species: prostrate summer cypress, winterfat, corn

Dam/ pan/ pond
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0,05
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0,5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100

Construction material (other): Reed fascines

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Stacking of fascines	Vegetative	summer
2.	Slips' planting	Vegetative	autumn, spring
3.	Laying fascines	Structural	summer
4.	Slips' planting	Structural	spring, autumn

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	persons/day/ha	3.0	5.0	15.0	100.0
Equipment	Machine use	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings	ha	1.0	165.0	165.0	100.0
Construction material	Other	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					220.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Additional planting	Vegetative	spring /1
2.	Supplementary slips' planting	Structural	spring, autumn/1
3.	Supplementary fascines' setting	Structural	spring, autumn/1

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Reed fascines against deflation 100 m in length, 0,5 m in breadth 50 pieces per ha
Saxaul’s seedling every 2 m lines, distance between slips-1.5 m, 3300 pieces per ha

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Manufacturing of reed fascines, purchase and planting saxaul's seedlinfs

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 58-53 m abs. of hight

Landforms: Poorly wavy inclined plan

Slopes on average: Weakly wavy

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Depth of humus under 5sm

Soil fertility is very low 0,191 of humus

Topsoil organic matter: 0,13-0,26%

Soil drainage / infiltration is good ins sandy and loamy soils and medium in clay

Soil water storage capacity is very low - low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Annual population growth: negative

20% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: With falling a level of Aral sea and degradation of the natural invironment in dicline there came all branches of agriculture and fishing industry

Level of mechanization: Fascines and planting of bushes are manually spread

Market orientation of production system: Rise of pastures' fodder capacity

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)
• individual

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 10-50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

15 households covering 20 percent of stated area

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 90-100%

Comments:

15 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The increase of deflated and eroded areas compels farmers to apply SWC

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Decrease in the areas of wind and water erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? For a long time enough depending on life cycle of wood-bushes vegetation
Improvement of microclimatic conditions of settlements How can they be sustained / enhanced? During all time of existence of the green zone created with the help of SWC

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Stabilization of mobile sand How can they be sustained / enhanced? At rational use of technology the created ecosystem can be supported for some life cycles with help of the main wood breed
Elimination of drifts of settlements by sand
Returning the grounds in rotation of the pasture
Creation of additional workplaces

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Shortage of seedlings for the big areas	Creation of artificial nurseries

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Almost hundred percentage use of manual skills	Development of new machines and mechanisms
Probably low survival of seedlings and absence of shoots because the weather conditions are not good enough	The organization of post planting watering

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

"To develop scientific bases of forest amelioration of the grounds of a naked bottom of Aral sea, classification of types of growth conditions" Kaverin V.S.. 2000y.

Available from where? Costs?

SPC for forest facility58 Kirov str. Shuchinsk cityAkmola regionThe Republic of Kazakhstan