1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

It is a technology used to control and reduce the effects of downstream flood by physical interventions like construction of spillway, ditch and stone dam on the wall of ditch.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Hilly areas are prone to flash flood that occur with little warning. During rainy season, level of water rises in the stream due to which land mass field of around area was degraded. This technology is used to control the land mass and water flowing from upper region to the lower region of the hill. The natural stream was modified to deep and more sloppy. And surrounding walls were made by piling up stones dams and tighten them by metal wires. These dams decrease the slope gradient and reduce the velocity of water flow and promote the deposition of eroded materials.

Purpose of the Technology: There was no problem of landslide and downstream flood before. But after the road construction, soil became loose resulting in the occurrence of downstream flood. It caused massive destruction of agricultural fields and disturbed settlement areas. Also, stone and gravel during landslide and stream flood used to be deposited and block the flow of the water. So land user invented by this technology to control and reduce the effects of downstream flood.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Land users and other villagers took the initiative to carry out the technology. Stones were abundantly found in the stream that were utilized to make the dams on lining the stream. Dozer was used to deepen the stream and increase the slope of stream. Stones were piled up and tied by iron wires on the bank of stream by local farmers themselves with their own investment.

Natural / human environment: The area where this technology has been used is a hilly area. Soil fertility in that area is low or medium which differs according to the place. Due to landslide and downstream flood, sand and gravel get deposited in the cropland, so its fertility is very low. No crops can be grown in there. This technology helps to control further degradation of land but could't help to restore natural quality of land.
This area is semi arid area. Due to the proper supply of water the area is prevented from drying. People living in that area are mainly farmers and depend on agriculture for livelihood. Also the area is developing more after the road construction. People are now being more aware about health, education and development.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The problem of downstream flood was caused before two years after the construction of road. so technology was also developed before 2 years.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• reduce risk of disasters

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Cropland destruction

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Cropland destruction, vegetation destruction, decreased soil fertility.

Constraints of waterway/ditch (Ditch for the flow of water): Big stone which block the water ways.

3.3 Further information about land use

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 3

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: june-november; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: march-june

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

Comments:

The area occupied by SLM technology is approximately 28 km2. It includes area occupied by conversation measures and the additional area protected by them.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (Construction of road i.e infrastructure development), floods (Downstream flood during rainy season.), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (Road construction)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall during rainy season cause downstream flooding.)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation

Comments:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

This technical drawing shows the constructed dam and gully which allow proper flow of downstream flood.

Location: Chyamrangbes. Kavre

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Technical knowledge required for labour: high (Through their experience to construct in a useful way.)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope angle

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing)

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Vertical interval between structures (m): n'a
Spacing between structures (m): n'a
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2.13
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3.2
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1000
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 1000

Construction material (earth): Soil excavate from the ditches is used to build bank.

Construction material (stone): the cut off ditch is lined with stones, embankment with stones.

Construction material (other): iron wire was used to bind the stone together.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12%

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Land user increased the width and slope of existing ditch for easy flow of water.	Structural	dry seasonm
2.	Land user embanked the bank with stones on either side.	Structural	dry season
3.	Stones are bind together by wires in some places.	Structural	dry season

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Increase the width and slope of ditch	ha	1.0	941.17	941.17	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					941.17

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: dozer, Dozer

The above mentioned cost is not given per unit/hectar. It is the total cost used for that technology.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The most determinate factor affecting the cost is land structure. Land contains loamy soil which made it difficult for construction of ditch.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: The average slope is about 15%.

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil texture: Sandy and graveled land

Soil fertility is medium - low and varies according to soil texture

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

Soil water storage capacity is low, soil is sandy and contains gravel. So it cannot store water

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: Infiltration is very low. Water only flow on surface.

Availability of surface water: During rainy season excess water flow through the steam.

Water quality (untreated): Some portion water is used in agriculture

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Soil is very infertile. So it is poor in biodiversity.

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: More male because women cannot do such type of heavy labor work.

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

(living standard is more than average).
(average life standard).

Off-farm income specification: Their land is protected from further degradation

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Comments:

The land where SLM technology is applied belongs to individual, but it land use right belongs to community.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	not well
local windstorm	not known

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not well

Comments:

Dame can be made more tolerant again flash flood by using wire to tighten the stone walls or making the concrete wall.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

Comments:

This technology is not a investment purpose. People used their own money to construct it.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• single cases/ experimental

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

14 households in an area of 10 - 100 sq km (50 - 100 persons per sq km)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

14 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Iron wire was provided by Bagmati watershed.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: People have well accepted this technology.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Risk of downstream flood and landslide is reduced. How can they be sustained / enhanced? If they had been more donation from government or any other projects, they would construct concrete or more flood resistance dams. As some parts are still unconstructed they would complete them with some more external support.
Agriculture land get protected so they can plant the crop without being at risk.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Proper water drainage system and water can get collected in the river following the fix path. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Fodder plant could be grown on the stream banks which is now left and unused. This could be used to feed the animals and would also help to control flood and landslide.
It reduced the risk of further land degradation by downstream flood. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Dams can be made more strong by making concrete walls

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
N/A

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
N/A	N/A