1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Teak (Tectona grandis) is preferred as a timber species in northern Uganda because the tree species better endures drought conditions compared to other species such as Pine. A tree plantation of Teak is established mainly to provide timber but also sequester atmospheric carbon and act as wind break.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Drought-tolerant Teak (Tectona grandis) is suitable for planting in semi-arid areas. In northern Uganda, farmers are establishing plantations of Teak for timber production as opposed to other plantation species like Pines and clonal Eucalyptus.

Seeds are raised in pots, small seedling containers in which they grow into seedlings. When the rains start, usually around April, or September, the seedlings are planted out, with 1,100 seedlings planted per hectare. Teak trees are planted at a spacing of 3 x 3 meters and thinned at 5 and 9 years to retain approximately 450 trees per hectare. To ensure that the timber produced from the trees does not have knots, pruning is done to remove lower branches as the tree grows. Pruning is normally done starting at the age of 3 years. Like most tree planting projects, framers tend to plan Teak on less productive land, leaving the fertile parts of their land for food and other high-value cash crops.

The cost of establishing a Teak plantations is high in the first 2-3 years but reduces significantly after first thinning. The cost of weeding can be reduced by spot-weeding of seedlings up to age 3 years, after which slashing or spraying with herbicides (usually Round-up) is used for weed control. Wood from thinning is also sold as firewood or construction poles to recover some the establishment costs. Shading of leave by Teak is heavy during the dry season and this causes a risk of fire. Therefore, fire control is done by establishing a fine-line, an open space of 6 meters to separate the plantation into compartments in order to restrict fire from spreading from one part to another part.

Farmers like Teak because it endures dry conditions and can provide high-quality timber. Although not exploited yet, these Teak plantations can be used for carbon trade and further improve the income of the farmer. What farmers do not like about Teak is that unlike several other specie where livestock can be integrated in the plantation, it is not possible for teak because it does not support undergrowth.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2012

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
• mitigate climate change and its impacts

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• forest plantation management

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• adapt to land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Seeds of Teack (Tectona grandis) are first raised in a nursery until they are 4 months old
Planting is done at the start of the rainy season (April or September)
Spacing between trees is 3 x 3 meters
Weeding is done by spot-weeding to reduce labour and soil disturbance
Pruning is done starting at the age of 3 years
Thinning is done at 5 and 9 years

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

Uganda Shillings

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

3500.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Raising seedlings in the nursery	Agronomic	At the start of the establishment of the technology
2.	Land clearing	Management	Once at the start of the establishment of the technology
3.	Pitting and Planting	Management	Once at the start of the establishment of the technology
4.	Weeding	Agronomic	Once every year
5.	Pruning	Agronomic	At age 3 and 7 years
6.	Thinning	Agronomic	At age 5 and 9 years
7.	Protection against fire	Management	Every year

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Raising seedlings in the nursry	Mandays	120.0	5000.0	600000.0	100.0
Labour	Land clearing	Acre	1.0	200000.0	200000.0	100.0
Labour	Planting	Acre	1.0	200000.0	200000.0	100.0
Equipment	Watering Cans	Number	3.0	10000.0	30000.0	100.0
Equipment	Jerricans	Number	5.0	8000.0	40000.0	100.0
Plant material	Seeds of Teak	kg	1.0	100000.0	100000.0	100.0
Construction material	Poles for the nursery	Number	30.0	5000.0	150000.0	100.0
Construction material	Grass for shading the seedlings	Bundles	10.0	10000.0	100000.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					1420000.0

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Weeding	Management	Every year
2.	Pruning	Management	At age 3 through 7 years
3.	Thining	Management	At 5 and 9 years

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Weeding	Acre	1.0	150000.0	150000.0	100.0
Labour	Pruning	Acre	1.0	200000.0	200000.0	100.0
Labour	Thinning	Acre	1.0	200000.0	200000.0	100.0
Labour	Regular patrol for fire protection	Years	15.0	600000.0	9000000.0	100.0
Equipment	Hoes	Number	5.0	15000.0	75000.0	100.0
Equipment	Pangas	Number	5.0	8000.0	40000.0	100.0
Equipment	Pruning saws	Number	5.0	20000.0	100000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					9765000.0

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Raising seedlings and planting

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• individual

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Ecological impacts

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
seasonal temperature	dry season	increase	moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 90-100%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Teak is drought-tolerant and and provides high quality timber which, guarantees profits from the investment
Other ecological benefits can be realized from the plantation, such as the role of wind breaks and carbon sequestration

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
The cost of establishing the plantation is high for majority farmers in the area	Community nurseries can provide seedlings to reduce establishment costs
The risk of fire during the dry season is very high	Protection against fire has to be considered as part of the investment, to construct fire lines and regular patrols

7.1 Methods/ sources of information