1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

FAO Bangladesh (FAO Bangladesh) - Bangladesh

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Bangladesh Forest Department (Bangladesh Forest Department) - Bangladesh

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Mangrove afforestation in newly accreted land along cooastal regions accelerates the process of land stabilization, creates new forest resources, and enriches biodiversity.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Maheshkhali is the only hilly island of Bangladesh and situated in northwest of Cox’s Bazar. This island has become a tourist destination for its mangrove plantation and ancient Adinath Temple situated at the hilltop. Historically the island had suffered from coastal erosion and structural measures like building blocks along the coast were implemented in some places to protect the Adinath hill from erosion. The Maheshkhali channel have deposited sediments in the near-shore zone and formed mud banks along the coast. This newly accreted land and other lands were used for mangrove plantations, which stabilized the land and provided protection against coastal erosion, storm damage, flooding, and siltation of adjacent seagrass beds. Mangrove plantations can provide a long-term and cost-effective solution to coastal erosion while at the same time improving the landscape aesthetically and increasing ecological habitats. Before the mangroves were planted, the existing shrub and tree vegetation along the coastline of Maheshkhali was scattered. The barren and exposed coastline is now converted to a green shelter-belt and protecting the soil. Bangladesh Forest Department is the land user and the mangrove plantation was carried out with the support from World Bank through "Forest Resource Management Plan (FRMP)" project in 1997. Later, some new plantation also carried out in 2016 on newly accreted land through "Climate Resilient Participatory Afforestation and Reforestation Project (CRPARP).
The mangrove plant species Baen (Avicennia officinalis) was used to create the plantation. Salinity in coastal regions increased as consequence of global warming and Avicennia officinalis is among the most salt tolerant species that prefer clay soil. The young tree forms a low, dense bushy crown. When it matures, it forms a columnar tree up to 15 m and may grow up to 30 m. The spreading root system of the plant also provides stability in shifting substrates. When planting mangroves, site selection and proper nursery management is crucial. Geo-morphological changes in coastal areas can be rapid and unpredictable, making it difficult to identify suitable sites correctly. Accreted land with grasses and crab burrows indicating a stable site, ideal for planting. The experience of field staff is a key factor in identifying suitable sites. Nursery management is carried out by forest department. Seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation and weed control are the major activities of nursery management. Proper care of seedlings needs to be ensured while transporting from nursery to plantation site thorough boat. Gunny bags can be used to carry the seedlings while transporting. The spacing between each plant was 1.5m x 1.5m and 4444 seedlings/ha were planted in the visited site. Compost fertilizer was used both in nursery and while planting in pit. After planting, each seedling was tied up with a bamboo stick for support and to prevent from washing away in tides. The plantation activities were carried out by the staff of forest department. As mangrove afforestation is carried out in unstable environments, there is always a risk of losing some plantation during the time it takes for trees to reach maturity.
Coastal afforestation accelerates the process of land stabilization, and by creating new forest land it enriches biodiversity and natural resources. It also protects the lives and property of the coastal population against cyclones and tidal surges. The plantation develops suitable habitats for wildlife, fish and other estuarine and marine fauna. It produces timber for fuelwood and industrial uses. However, the local community people can only collect fuelwood and other non-timber forest products like honey, crabs and fishes from this plantation site. The mangrove plantation increased the aesthetic beauty of the area and also create employment opportunities for remote rural communities through eco-tourism.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Plantation was carried out from the support of World Bank project "Forest Resource Management Plan (FRMP) project in 1997" and "Climate Resilient Participatory Afforestation and Reforestation Project (CRPARP) in 2016"

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• reduce risk of disasters
• create beneficial economic impact
• create beneficial social impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

No

Comments:

Due to the establishment of mangrove plantation, the degraded land is now covered with vegetation and protected from land degradation

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

No

Comments:

The areas were inundated regularly by the tide and physical barriers were imposed to protect the land from degradation

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• forest plantation management
• windbreak/ shelterbelt
• ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Plantation of mangrove species in newly accreted land to stabilize the soil to protect from land degradation

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

BDT

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

84.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Nursery preparation (seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation, weed control)	March-April
2.	Survey plantation site and prepare site map	August
3.	Transportation of seedlings	September-October
4.	Plantation	September-October

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Nursery preparation (seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation, weed control)	person-days	20.0	500.0	10000.0
Labour	Plantation site survey	person-days	1.0	500.0	500.0
Labour	Transportation of seedlings	person-days	4.0	500.0	2000.0
Labour	Plantation	person-days	10.0	500.0	5000.0
Equipment	Boat rent for seedlings transportation	lump-sum	1.0	2500.0	2500.0
Equipment	Poly bags	pieces	4500.0	1.0	4500.0
Equipment	Rope for tying up seedlings with bamboo stick	lump-sum	1.0	1500.0	1500.0
Equipment	Gunny bags (to carry seedlings to the plantation pit)	lump-sum	1.0	400.0	400.0
Plant material	Bamboo sticks to support seedlings	pieces	4500.0	2.0	9000.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Compost fertilizer (to apply in pit)	kg	50.0	10.0	500.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					35900.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					427.38

Comments:

Bangladesh Forest Department is the land user and the costs was borne from the project "Forest Resource Management Plan (FRMP)"

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	1 year old plantation replanting nursery 40% ( 2 bed/ha)	March-April
2.	2 year old plantation replanting nursery 30% ( 2 bed/ha)	March-April
3.	3 year old plantation- replanting nursery 20% (1 bed/Ha.)	March-April
4.	1 year old plantation- replanting (VF) 40% (1777 seedling/Ha.)	September-October
5.	2 year old plantation- replanting (VF) 30% (1333 seedling/Ha.)	September-October
6.	3 year old plantation- replanting (VF) 20% (888 seedling/Ha.)	September-October

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Nursery work	person-day	18.0	500.0	9000.0	100.0
Labour	Replanting work	person-day	10.0	500.0	5000.0	100.0
Equipment	Boat rent for seedlings transportation	Lump-sum	1.0	6000.0	6000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Compost fertilizer	kg	25.0	10.0	250.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					20250.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					241.07

Comments:

Bangladesh Forest Department is the land user and borne the maintenance cost of the technology

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labor cost

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

Yes

Specify:

Due to regular tidal inundation the soil become saline and only support to grow mangrove plant species

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Yes

Regularity:

episodically

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

No

Specify:

Land use rights based on forest management type

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	increase	well
other gradual climate change	water salinity in coastal areas due to global warming	increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
tropical storm	moderately
local thunderstorm	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
storm surge/ coastal flood	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

Comments:

Forest Department is the land user here

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Protect the lives and property of the coastal population against cyclones and tidal surges.
Conserve and stabilize newly accreted lands and protect from land degradation
Produce fuel wood for local people

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Develop ecotourism facility for local communities
Develop suitable habitats for wildlife, fish and other estuarine and marine fauna

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Vulnerable to natural calamities specially in initial stage	Proper management and vacancy filling

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Risk of low production due to unstable environment for plantation	Proper monitoring and management of plantation

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Macintosh, D.J., Mahindapala, R., Markopoulos, M. (eds) (2012). Sharing Lessons on Mangrove Restoration. Bangkok, Thailand: Mangroves for the Future and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1558-2

Available from where? Costs?

www.mangrovesforthefuture.org

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Mangroves for the Future

URL:

www.mangrovesforthefuture.org

7.4 General comments

The WOCAT questionnaire covers all the aspect of this technology