1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Fruit trees of Mangoes (Mangifera indica) and Oranges (Citrus sinensis) are grown on degraded land to improve soil fertility through deep soil nutrient mining and litter of leaves.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Fruit tree growing, with focus on mangoes and oranges, is a rewarding investment promoted by farmers in Northern Uganda with the aim of increasing fruit production for home consumption and income, and restoration of degraded land. On a farm located on a steep slope and measuring 40m x 100m (i.e. 1 acre), the land user select and plant disease tolerant, high yielding and marketable orange varieties (e.g. Valencia and Anlin) and mango varieties (Apple and Tommy) using spades, hoes, and pangas to excavate and dig up planting holes, 30 cm deep, with fruit trees planted at a spacing of 10 m ×10 m, during the rainy season; with 7 Cows, 5 goats and 4 sheep kept animal manure provision to apply on the technology using hired labour and supported by family labour. After establishment, the farmer keeps on observing the changes over time to see what is taking place with regard to vegetation growth, performance of fruit trees and how the visible soil properties are changing e.g. the colour showing a black sign of organic matter built up and soil health improvement.
Oranges and mangoes are susceptible to pests and diseases, which require money to buy pesticides and paying, as well as for hired labour for spraying. The farmer needs to be aware of these associated costs, which are rather high after establishment. Efforts by the farmer to integrate trenches within the degraded field is an additional option for the farmer to help enhance soil and water conservation by reducing water runoff. This is labour and capital intensive but beneficial in the short and long run.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2015

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

It was supported by the extension worker with advisory services on how to plant and space.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• create beneficial economic impact

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• integrated crop-livestock management
• improved plant varieties/ animal breeds

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

S11: Trenshes.

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

UGX

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3400.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Site selection/ degraded area	Once before planting / during dry season
2.	Look for required labour and in puts	Once before planting /during dry season
3.	Select nutrient fixing, high yiedling and marketable varieties	Once before planting / during dry season
4.	Transport the varieties to the field	On set of rains
5.	Diging the holes	On set of rains
6.	Planting using labour	During rainy season
7.	Watering in case of drought.	During the dry season

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	persons days / monthly basis	Persons	5.0	150000.0	750000.0	1000.0
Equipment	Hoe	Pieces	5.0	10000.0	50000.0	100.0
Equipment	Pangas	Pieces	3.0	7000.0	21000.0	100.0
Equipment	watering can	Pieces	2.0	5000.0	10000.0	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings	kgs	1000.0	2500.0	2500000.0	100.0
Other	Transport for seedlings	Lorry	2.0	100000.0	200000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					3531000.0

Comments:

More costs on seedlings during establishment.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Watering	Daily, dry season
2.	Weeding	Twice a year, wet and dry season

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour for watering (monthly)	persons	2.0	150000.0	300000.0	100.0
Labour	Labour for weeding (monthly)	persons	2.0	150000.0	300000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					600000.0

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour for planting , weeding and watering on monthly basis.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• convex situations

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

The land user is a secondary school teacher as a source of livelihood.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• individual

Comments:

Bought the land using a loan that he acquired from the bank.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well
seasonal temperature	wet/ rainy season	increase	moderately
annual rainfall		decrease	well
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	decrease	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Biological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
insect/ worm infestation	moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

Slightly Negative: More costs on labour and inputs.
Very positive: Very positive returns in improving fertility due to leaves litter.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

5

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Appropriate for both small and large scale land users.
Can be replicated and be promoted by other land users.
Cost effective: Invest in more money at the establishment and earn more benefits (restoration of degraded areas, income, soil fertility improvement, employment and fruits for home consumption and sale).

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The technology is appreciated by the farmer and this is a sign of ownership - sustainability.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Very laborious (planting, wedding and watering).	Use family labour.
Very expensive - buying seedlings and hire of labour.	Join savings groups that give loans at low interest rates (3%).
Benefits are realized after a long period.	The land user can look for alternative sources of income to supplement the technology. Engage in selling seedlings as a business to those who may want to start establishing this technology.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
No integration with other agroforestry trees for fodder yet as the land user has livestock.	The technology need to be integrated with agroforestry trees (callindra, Grivellea ) for fodder since the land user has livestock.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information