Creation of artificial pasturable phytocenosis at north desert subzone [Kazakhstan]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Unknown User
- Editor: –
- Reviewers: David Streiff, Alexandra Gavilano
Creation of artificial pasturable phytocenosis at north desert subzone
technologies_1093 - Kazakhstan
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Key resource person(s)
SLM specialist:
Yurchenko Vladimir
SPC for livestock husbandry and veterinary, Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
SLM specialist:
Alimaev Ilya
SPC for livestock husbandry and veterinary, Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
SLM specialist:
Sisatov Jeksembai
SPC for livestock husbandry and veterinary, Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
SLM specialist:
Kildibekova Guliya
SPC for livestock husbandry and veterinary, Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Yes
1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)
Creation of sowed pastures from subshrubs and forbs … [Kazakhstan]
Increase of use effectiveness of limited resources of soil moisture in desert with sowing xerophyte fodder plants
- Compiler: Irina Skorintseva
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Selection fodder plants and the technology of their cultivation for maximal use of poor soil water in desert
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
1. Artificial fodder rangelands in desert are created in strong degraded sites by sowing of fodder subshrubs and perennial forbs.
2. The list of the fittest fodder plants, which can maximally effective use the poor desert soil resources, is established
3. The most capable plants belong to Chenopodiacia family: Kohia p., Salsola o., Ceratoides p., Artemisia t., to Areminea family – Agropyrum desertorum.
4. The preparation of soil for sowing is of sparing sort of under-winter ploughing (spike-tooth disk harrow). Sowing of subshrubs is carried out under winter in treated soil with sowing standard 2 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare. Agropyrum d. is sowed in early spring. Before sowing seeds are mixed in equal quantities at total sowing standard 2 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare.
5. The grazing is prohibited in the first year. It is possible to use the sowed site moderately since the latter half of the second year.
The cost of 1 hectare is 2700-3100 tenge with taking into account petrol, salary etc.
2.3 Photos of the Technology
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
Kazakhstan
Region/ State/ Province:
Jambyl, Almaty oblasts.
Further specification of location:
South Pribalkhashye, Eastern part of sand Moynkum massif
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):
8000.0
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
- 1,000-10,000 km2
Comments:
Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 8000 km2.
up to 1991 25-30 thousand hectares were created with such method in South-East of Kazakhstan.
2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- less than 10 years ago (recently)
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- through land users' innovation
Comments (type of project, etc.):
SPCLHV( Scientific Production Centre for Livestock Husbandry and Veterinary)
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- improve production
- create beneficial economic impact
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
Cropland
- Tree and shrub cropping
Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:
- fodder trees (Calliandra, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis, etc.)
- fruits, other
Grazing land
Extensive grazing:
- Nomadism
- Semi-nomadic pastoralism
Intensive grazing/ fodder production:
- Improved pastures
Animal type:
- sheep
Forest/ woodlands
- Artemisia and Ceratoides (Krascheninnikovia)
Comments:
Shrub species: Combination of Kochia, Solsola, Artemisia and Ceratoides (Krascheninnikovia)
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The pasture production decline, containment of livestock husbandry development, low living standards of stock-breeders
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Complication of animal maintenance, worsening of abode ecological conditions, forced migration
Number of growing seasons per year: 2
Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 45; Second longest growing period from month to month: Sep - Oct
3.4 Water supply
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- rainfed
3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- improved plant varieties/ animal breeds
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
agronomic measures
- A1: Vegetation/ soil cover
- A3: Soil surface treatment
- A5: Seed management, improved varieties
vegetative measures
Comments:
Main measures: agronomic measures
Secondary measures: vegetative measures
Type of agronomic measures: early planting, relay cropping, mixed cropping / intercropping, minimum tillage
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
soil erosion by water
- Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover
Early planting
Material/ species: Agropurum
Relay cropping
Material/ species: subshrubs
Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: subshrubs
Minimum tillage
Remarks: 8-10cm
Vegetative measure: strip width 25-50 m with the some spacing
Vegetative material: O : other
Number of plants per (ha): 30-30
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 25-50
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other
Other species: Combination of Kochia+Solsola+Artemisia+Ceratoides
Diversion ditch/ drainage
Spacing between structures (m): 1
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 500,0
Construction material (earth): The ground wich dug from channels used for strengthening of board
Construction material (other): The polyethylene film cover a bottom of the channal
4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify currency used for cost calculations:
- USD
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:
7.00
4.3 Establishment activities
Activity | Timing (season) | |
---|---|---|
1. | sowing | november |
2. | Inspection of territories | In the spring cropping sea sun |
3. | Excavation of channals | Before cropping |
4. | Creation a drain | After planting |
4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | All the Labour | ha | 1.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 100.0 |
Equipment | Machine use | ha | 1.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 100.0 |
Plant material | Seeds | ha | 1.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 100.0 |
Total costs for establishment of the Technology | 38.0 | |||||
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD | 38.0 |
Comments:
Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)
4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|
1. | Soil surface treatment | autumn / 1 time. |
2. | Harrowing | autumn / 1 time. |
3. | Sowing of subshrubs | November, December. / 1 time. |
4. | Sowing of Agropyrum with postsowing packin | March / 1 time. |
5. | harrowing | early /1 time |
6. | Inspection of the channels state of drainage film | before watering/4-5 times |
7. | Replacement of a drainage film | before watering/as reguired 4-5 times |
4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | All the labour | ha | 1.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 100.0 |
Equipment | Machine use | ha | 1.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 100.0 |
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology | 7.0 | |||||
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD | 7.0 |
Comments:
Machinery/ tools: .tractor ÌÒÇ, flat hoe, seeder, roller
For conditions of degraded wormwood-ephemeron pastures in light clay sand carbonate serozems in north kazakhstan desert subzone
4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
value of petrol
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:
227.00
Agro-climatic zone
- arid
North Kazkhstan desert
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:
Altitudinal zone: 490-510 m a.s.l.
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- coarse/ light (sandy)
Topsoil organic matter:
- low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.
Soil depth on average: Dust content is up to 80% in autumn
Soil texture (topsoil): Clay sand light serozems
Soil fertility is very low with a humus content of 0.8-1.2%
Topsoil organic matter: 0.8-1.2%
Soil drainage / infiltration is medium due to crushed stone base
Soil water storage capacity is in spring 17-21 and in autumn the producing moisture is lacking
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Market orientation of production system:
- commercial/ market
Relative level of wealth:
- rich
- very rich
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
10% of the land users are very rich and own 10% of the land.
10% of the land users are rich and own 40% of the land.
10% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
Market orientation of production system: The possibility of primary accumulation of circulating
5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Comments:
It is complicated to evaluate the size of grazing land per household because the free grazing is practiced at lands appurtenant to rural akimats
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- communal/ village
Land use rights:
- open access (unorganized)
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
crop production
fodder production
fodder quality
Comments/ specify:
Increase of protein content from 4-5% to 11-14%
Other socio-economic impacts
Stabilization of traditional porture livestock husbandry
Comments/ specify:
Increase of head and production quality improvement....
Socio-cultural impacts
community institutions
Ecological impacts
Soil
soil cover
Comments/ specify:
Stabilization
soil loss
Quantity before SLM:
5
Quantity after SLM:
0
Other ecological impacts
biodiversity
Comments/ specify:
Enrichment of local wild flora
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Long-term returns:
slightly positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- 11-50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):
12 households coverin 20 percent of stated area
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 91-100%
Comments:
Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results
12 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: stock breeders advantaged and of moderate means can allow the introduction of SWC-technology in small area for now
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view |
---|
providing of animals with fodder. How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly |
improvement of ecological conditions in places of abode How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly |
refusal from forced migration How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly |
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
increased productivity of rangeland How can they be sustained / enhanced? .for 20 and more years |
localization of degradation centers How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly |
assured feeding of animals with full fodder How can they be sustained / enhanced? 20 and more years |
Maintenance of biodiversity How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly |
improvement of living standards of rural community people. How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly |
6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
high one time expenses | state grants and awards, credits are needed |
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Insufficient development of fodder plant seed-farming | arrangement schemes of primary and marketable seed-farming at research organizations and special farmings of oblasts; decreasing of petrol costs |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
7.2 References to available publications
Title, author, year, ISBN:
1.Agribiological aspects of creation and use of pasturable phytocenoses in north desert subzone. Abstract of doctoral thesis, Alimaev I., Almaty,. 2001.
Available from where? Costs?
Almaty, free. Tel 8-(3272) 21-44-76
Title, author, year, ISBN:
2.Fodder production of south-east and east regions. /Pastures and haylands of Kazakhstan, Alimaev I., Isakov K., and others, Almaty. 1998.
Available from where? Costs?
Almaty, free. Tel 8-(3272) 21-44-76
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Creation of sowed pastures from subshrubs and forbs … [Kazakhstan]
Increase of use effectiveness of limited resources of soil moisture in desert with sowing xerophyte fodder plants
- Compiler: Irina Skorintseva
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