Technologies

Water-conservation technology at cultivation of the cotton in south. K [Kazakhstan]

Watering through furrow

technologies_1091 - Kazakhstan

Completeness: 71%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Vyshepolsky Frank

Kazakhstan

SLM specialist:

Khe Tatyana

Kazakhstan

SLM specialist:

Mukhamedzhanov Khamit

Scientific Production Center for Water management

Kazakhstan

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1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The technology of watering through furrow reduces the settlement (recommended) sizes of irrigating norms up to 30% keeps soil fertility

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

It is applied for watering on furrow at ploughed cultures.
It is intended for decrease in irrigating norms and preservation of fertility of soils.
The technology of watering through furrow
-Does not result in change of zone system of agriculture
-Provides pass of soil-cultivating technique on dry furrow therefore are reduced the rates of soil condensation
-Reduces technological losses of irrigating water to filtration shed from the irrigated grounds evaporation
-Reduces the sizes of irrigating norms (recommended) up to 30%
-Reduces loading to drainage system up to 30%
-Slows down the rates of development of erosive processes and keeps soil fertility
-Raises productivity of cultivated cultures at deficiency of water
-Improves ecological conditions due to reduction of drainage shed of water for limits of irrigated files
-Does not demand additional expenses for its introduction

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Kazakhstan

Region/ State/ Province:

Southern Kazakhstan

Further specification of location:

Basin of Syrdarya

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):

40.0

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 10-100 km2
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 40 km2.

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • during experiments/ research
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Caused (provocative) waterings for reception of shoots at drying up of soil in a zone of an arrangement of seeds.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • Reduce amount of irrigation water

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):
  • Agro-pastoralism (incl. integrated crop-livestock)

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • fibre crops - cotton
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: May - Sep

Grazing land

Grazing land

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Water resources management. Reduction of technological losses of irrigating water at its transportation from water-fence up to fields of an irrigation.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Technologies of the water-conservation, reduction of norms of entering of mineral fertilizers, increase in soil fertility. Normalization of water-submission on cultures and soil-meliorative conditions.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed
Comments:

Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

agronomic measures

  • A4: Subsurface treatment
structural measures

structural measures

  • S3: Graded ditches, channels, waterways
Comments:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: soil conditioners (lime, gypsum), breaking compacted topsoil, pits, deep tillage / double digging

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

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Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply

Soil conditioners (lime, gypsum)
Material/ species: phospho-gypsum
Remarks: 4t/hec

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: tillage through grooves

Pits
Remarks: breaking compacted soil

Deep tillage / double digging
Remarks: by cultivator

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:
  • USD
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

0.50

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 650.0 650.0
Equipment Machine use ha 1.0 40.0 40.0
Construction material Polyethylene film ha 1.0 55.0 55.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 745.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 745.0
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. tillage between / weekly
2. entering of phospho-gypsum watering / once a year in the autumn

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Tillage and appliyng phospho-gypsum ha 1.0 100.0 100.0
Construction material Polyethylene film ha 1.0 25.0 25.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 125.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 125.0
If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of maintaining the Technology:

3.0

Comments:

For arrangement of 1 ha width of furrow makes 100 meters, quantity of furrow makes 50

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Arrangement of furrows its cutting and reinforcing of the bottom of furrow

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

235.00

Agro-climatic zone
  • arid

Growing pirriod 4-5 months

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Landforms: Valley of the Syrdarya river . Foothill plains of a ridge of the Karatau

Slopes on average: Flat for valley landforms for foothill plains

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is medium (Alluvial gray soils) - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium for alluvial meadow soils and poor for light gray soils

Soil water storage capacity is low for alluvial meadow soils and very low for light gray soils

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • mechanized/ motorized
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

1% of the land users are rich and own 50% of the land.
19% of the land users are average wealthy and own 39% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 1% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Due to pasturable live stock and cultivation of gourds

Market orientation of production system:Mixed for grain-crops, grasses and commercial orientation for cotton

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for ploughing, chasing and harvesting and mechanised for tillage interrow cultivation

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • communal (organized)
  • leased

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased
Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased
Other socio-economic impacts

expenses on water

increased
decreased

Socio-cultural impacts

community institutions

weakened
strengthened

national institutions

weakened
strengthened

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil loss

increased
decreased
Other ecological impacts

soil fertility

decreased
increased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream flooding

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

The area of flooding at the end of a field is reduced 3-4 times

groundwater/ river pollution

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

Dump of drainage waters is reduced up to 2 times

norms of entering of mineral fertilizers

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

due to decrease of washing out nutrients

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 11-50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

850 households in an area of 40km2 (10-50 persons per km2)

Comments:

30% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

850 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The existing system of water-subdivision does not provide for water consume on demand of farmers within the limits of allocated limit but establishes sequence of watering. At present water-subdivision the farmers who watering on furrows an create, additional stocks of a moisture and so the watering technology through furrows has not received universal application

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Improves working conditions of labours and work of soil-cultivating technics
Reduces the sizes of irrigating norms
Raises productivity of agriculture at deficiency of wate
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Reduces technological losses of irrigating water to filtration, evaporations, shed from fields of on irrigation.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Till progressive method od an irrigation drop, rain
Reduces intensity of soil condensation and development of denitrify processes
Reduces loading to drainage system and rates of pollution of water sources
Prevents degradation of the irrigated soils

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Increase in expenses for interrow processing Application of soil cultivating technics
Increase in quantity of watering Reinforcing furrows by pipes
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Reduction of the interwatering period By increase in volume of use of subsoil waters to subirrigation
Increase in interrow processing Regime of subsoil water management
Increase in cost the current expenses at watering and interrow processing Increase in productivity of cultivated cultures

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Reports: Technology of an irrigation on the farm site in zone of Arys-Turkestan channal. 2000-2002 year.

Available from where? Costs?

SPC for Water management

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Recommendations on stabilization of agriculture in a zone of Arys-Turkestan channal

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