1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The technology adopted is a treatment plant that treats and purifies waste water being discharged from the hospital biologically.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

It is located in Dhulikhel Hospital premises, Kavre. This treatment plant purifies the waste water being discharged from the hospital biologically on a daily basis.
Biological action takes place in the horizontal and vertical reed bed with the help of bacteria present in the root nodules of Reed plant. The Reed plant helps in spreading the oxygen through its roots. Anaerobic decomposition takes place with the help of oxygen which is spread by the roots.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of this plant is to make the water less toxic so that it does not pose any danger to the human health. It is a biological process in which the Reed plant treats the waste water coming from the hospital.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Dhulikhel Hospital Constructed Wetland (DHCW) was commissioned in July 1997. The design of DHCW was designed for an average waste water volume of 10m3/ day. But at present, the waste water production is in the range of 75m3/day. Recently, it has been expanded and designed to treat the waste water volume up to 90m3/day.
The plant is maintained by the specialists themselves and the investors are the hospital owners. The task of planning, design, drawing and estimates for the expansion was undertaken by ENPHO (Environment and Public Health Organization ) in association with WATSAN (Water and Sanitation) solution.

Natural / human environment: The treatment plant needs gravel for filtration in horizontal flow bed where the reed bed plant is planted. In addition, sand is required for filtration in vertical flow bed. A slight slope is maintained for the water to flow in one direction.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve water quality

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Biological wastes from the hospital has a high chance in contaminating the area when disposed recklessly.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The water is safe to use for irrigation purpose.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Other: Ow: Waterways, drainage lines, ponds, dams

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• wetland protection/ management
• waste management/ waste water management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, contour planting / strip cropping

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Rupees

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

103.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Earthwork in excavation in foundation, drain, pipe trench and lead	Dry Day
2.	Earth work in refilling including watering and ramming	Dry day
3.	Dry flat brick soiling for 10 m2	Dry Day
4.	Edge brick soiling in 1.6 cm and pointing in 1.2 cm for 10 m2
5.	Dry edge brick soiling in 1:6 cm for 10 sq m

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Earthwork in excavation	unit	1.0	122.21	122.21
Labour	Earth work in refilling including watering and ramming	unit	1.0	87.29	87.29
Labour	Edge brick soiling (mason)	unit	1.0	5293.83	5293.83
Construction material	Brick	unit	1.0	253.92	253.92
Construction material	Sand	unit	1.0	3412.38	3412.38
Construction material	Wood	unit	1.0	1000.0	1000.0
Other	Mason	unit	1.0	1470.0	1470.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					11639.63
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					113.01

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The most determinate factor affecting the cost is the labour cost.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil texture (topsoil): Filtration is vertical reed bed

Soil fertility is medium

Topsoil organic matter is covered with gravel

Soil drainage / infiltration is good and filtration occurs through voids in sand and gravel

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Availability of surface water is good during monsoon

Water quality (untreated) is unusable since it is biological and medical waste

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Only one species of plant is planted

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The treatment plant provided treated water which is mainly used for irrigation purpose. There is an equal involvement of men and women in the field.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• company

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Comments:

SLM technology is used by the hospital specialists. However, the water is openly accessible.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Water availability and quality

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	not known

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not known

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not known

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

Comments:

In 2007, expansion of the plant was proposed to treat the waste water volume up to 90m3/day.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
This technology has provided positive results for irrigation purpose.
There has also been an increase in water availability.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The purification of water from the hospital has been used for various purposes. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Frequent cleaning of the chambers should be carried out.
This technology has been proved to be very cost effective. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Periodic checking of the tanks and plants for any fault should be done.
This plant has been easily managed by the staff of Dhulikhel Hospital.
This technology provides opportunity to create/restore valuable wetland habitat.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
The treatment plant may not be tested regularly.	Engineers and specialists should be concerned about the matter.
The water output may not be safe for drinking.	People should be made aware about boiling and filtering the water before drinking.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information