1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The technology used is improved stove. An improved stove is a device that is designed to consume less fuel and save cooking time,convenient in cooking process and creates smokeless environment or reduction in volume of smoke against the traditional stove.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Technology used is improved stove. Improved stove is more efficient to use than traditional stove. Efficient in the sense that it consumes less fire wood (half than that consumed by traditional stove). It consists of one input hole to feed the wood and the heat is transferred throughout the stove which saves the firewood consumption. There is a hole for the passage of smoke.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purposes of this technology are:
•Increased thermal efficiency
•Conservation of forests by cutback in firewood conservation
•Reduction in indoor air pollution and hence smoke released health disorders
•Prevention of fire hazards
•Reduction of cooking time

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The factory for khuwa production was established in 2050 BS. It is continued from their ancestors. In ancient time, for the production large amount of firewood was needed and from this large amount of smoke was released which gave rise to health problems and environmental pollution.

Now, the technology has changed but the process is still the same. Improved stove is used instead of traditional stove. For the improved stove materials required are soil, iron rod & tin. Other tools and utensils are dabilo,khurpi, karai & bowl. Monthly maintenance is required.

Natural / human environment: This technology is environment friendly. This technology has direct effect on the agro forestry sector, rural economy and health.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

Comments (type of project, etc.):

established in 2050 BS.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• Increases efficiency

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Air pollution from the smoke

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): He says that there is no pollution.

Forest products and services: fuelwood

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• full irrigation

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• energy efficiency technologies

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (requirement of wood as firewood), change in temperature (increase in temperature due to burning of firewood), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (problems due to transportation, market unavailablity)

Secondary causes of degradation: release of airborne pollutants (urban/industry…) (smoke from firewood), poverty / wealth (people are poor), labour availability (provides employment opportunity to local people)

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• USD

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

-1.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Labour	Monthly
2.	Construction of improved stove	once
3.	Instrument/cost of the tools	once
4.	construction of hole for passage of smoke	once

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	unit	1.0	68.98	68.98	100.0
Equipment	Stove and tools	unit	1.0	284.09	284.09	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					353.07
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					-353.07

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Stove	monthly
2.	Labour for repairing stove	monthly

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Reparing stove	unit	1.0	3.44	3.44	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					3.44
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					-3.44

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Milk fat determines the cost of the milk.Transportation fee, labor cost & distribution of khuwa(milk products) affect the cost.

5.2 Topography

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are involved with the household chores and people say that women cannot do such works.

Annual population growth: > 4%; 5%

65% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land (mostly the land users who apply the SLM technology).
35% of the land users are poor and own 30% of the land (some are poor).

Market orientation of production system: Commercial/ market (milk product is sent to the market,so it is commercial), only few production are used are used subsistence (self-supply)

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Comments:

only the owner have the right.

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	not well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	not known
local windstorm	not well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not known

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not known

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	not well
seasonal changes	not well

Comments:

concrete improved stove can be made in order to improve the tolerance than soil improved stove.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: this technology has been used by 17 land user and this technology is increasing in practice.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
less consumption of wood How can they be sustained / enhanced? they can be enhanced by using modern machine which operates by electricity. By this there would be no pollution.
pollution reduction
ashes after burning firewood can be used as organic matter for soil

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
low cost, local availability and easy to manufacture
reduced concentrations of smoke and indoor air pollution
saves time and money in acquiring fuel
less pressure on forest and energy resources

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
monthly repairing is required	Implement new technology i.e. use machine that runs by electricty

7.1 Methods/ sources of information