1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Uganda Landcare Network (ULN) - Uganda

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Integrated crop-livestock production for improved soil fertility management. Local cows are tied to trees to facilitate manure collection.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Controlled livestock grazing is a common practice promoted by farmers in Northern Uganda, who own up to 4-6 cows raised on two or more acres of land. Although the primary purpose is to produce milk for domestic consumption and for sale, the other subsidiary aim is to generate manure to replenish soil fertility on continuously cultivated and nutrient depleted land and pasture that the cows graze on. During the rainy season crops are planted and animals fed by cut and carry or pegged/ tied with a radius of 2-5 meters. During dry season the animals can graze on crop residues
For this technology, cattle are tethered/ tied on a pole (pegged) or tree using a sisal rope. Tethering distance should allow each cow to access pasture uninterrupted by others. The animals are rotated/ relocated routinely to minimise overgrazing in a given location. The manure produced is collected daily, and kept in heaps to compost for periods of 2 to 3 weeks, before being ferried to the fields for application for the cultivation of maize and other crops like soya bean . This technology requires possession of sufficient land for grazing the animals, as well as sufficient labour for handling manure through composting up to field application. The key inputs required for establishing this technology include labour, hand hoes, spades, sisal ropes, basins, sacks and basket for collecting manure and its transportation to the maize field, watering containers , spraying pumps for spraying animals against ticks and feeds to supplement the grazing during shortage of pasture.
The benefits derived from such a technology are both short and long term, including access to increased manure to apply on crop fields especially maize for increased production
To replicate this technology, the land user needs to have knowledge and skills on how to manage the animals to generate high quality manure, compost it and maintain it free of contamination with pesticides sprayed on the animals against pests and diseases, which may affect the quality of the manure and the safety of the users.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2012

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Started on his own with only 2 cows and later National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) and Operation Wealth Creation (OWC) supported him with training on management (rotating, feeding and animal manure application in the garden).

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Normally two rain seasons March to May and September to December

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• integrated crop-livestock management
• integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Manure collected is used on maize crop to increase maize production.

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Decomposed manure when applied on the maize field increases production.

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

other/ national currency (specify):

UGX

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3445.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Buy local cows/ varieties for keeping	Once before stocking / dry season
2.	Look for inputs , labour, sack, basins and ropes	Before stocking
3.	Tie the cows on a tree using a sisal rope	During establishment
4.	Plant the crop to provide crop residues	During the wet season

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Planting	persons	2.0	150000.0	300000.0	100.0
Labour	Tieing, feeding and grazing cows	persons	2.0	150000.0	300000.0	100.0
Equipment	Hoe	pieces	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	1000.0
Equipment	Spade	peices	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	1000.0
Equipment	Spraying pump	pieces	1.0	250000.0	250000.0	100.0
Equipment	Watering trays	pieces	6.0	100000.0	600000.0	100.0
Plant material	Maize seed	Kgs	10.0	2500.0	25000.0	100.0
Other	Local cows	cow	6.0	700000.0	4200000.0
Other	Buckets	pieces	1.0	3500.0	3500.0	100.0
Other	Sack	pieces	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	100.0
Other	Feeds	Kgs	100.0	4000.0	400000.0	100.0
Other	Crop residues (not bought)
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					6100500.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					1770.83

Comments:

Money used is got from sale of milk and also obtained a loan of 2,000,000 from a savings group.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Watering the cow	Daily during the dry season
2.	Tieing and feeding the cow	Daily
3.	Spraying the cows against ticks	Weekly
4.	Heaping and carrying manure to the garden	Everyday/ after 2 weeks
5.	Applying manure in the soil	Before planting season
6.	Relocating the cows	Every after 2 days
7.	Cutting and carrying pasture	After harvest

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour paid on monthly basis	Persons	2.0	150000.0	300000.0	100.0
Equipment	Replacement worn our equipment	pieces	3.0	20000.0	60000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Pestcide	litres	10.0	15000.0	150000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					510000.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					148.04

Comments:

The land use employs 2 people on monthly basis watering, tieing , feeding, spraying, relocating carrying manure and cutting and carrying pasture. No equipment bought in short run since most of the equipment is bought at establishment. Only if there is need for replacement.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour takes the most costs since the tasks re routine compared to the cost of equipment which is bought and replaced after its worn out.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

Yes

Specify:

Presence of borehole

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

The bore hole is seasonal - shortage of water during the dry season.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

The land user plans to buy exotic cows for zero grazing to provide more animal manure and milk for sale

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	moderately
seasonal temperature	dry season	increase	moderately

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Biological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
epidemic diseases	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

More benefits after establishments.
High costs during establishment.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Yield potential is high with good feeding of the cows , right spacing and manure application in maize garden.
The technology can easily be replicated by small scale and large scale land users to other areas.
Uses sisal ropes which are cheap.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Minimizes conflicts when cows are tied in one area.
Good at providing income and manure for soil fertility improvement.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Requires constant labour.	Use family labour to supplement hired labour.
Requires technical knowledge on management, spacing and treatment.	Seek technical advice from the extension worker.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Easily affected by pests and diseases.	Apply pesticides / seek technical advice from the extension worker.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information