1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

10/08/2016

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Mangroves "bakauan" are planted in the island coast to form barriers and as first line of defense during storm surges.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Mangrove plantation in the island of Banacon which is 10.91 kilometers away from the municipality of Getafe, Bohol in Central Visayas started in 1957.The most common specie grown is the “Bakauan” under the Rhizophoracea family.

Mangroves contribute in protecting the coast against natural hazards such as storms, tsunamis and coastal erosion. It weakens the impact of typhoons that bring strong winds, continuous high waves and storm surges. A dense cluster of bakauans obstruct the entry of winds and waves when passing through the mangroves minimizes the force of wind sand waves. According to the residents of the island, they were spared from total destruction of properties during onset of typhoons because of the presence of the bakauans. Mangroves were utilized also by the Banacon residents as source of poles for houses, fishpens and charcoals for cooking. The dense roots of the trees bind the soils thus preventing erosion. The tree roots serve as spawning ground for fishes and other variety of sea species that lead to an increase in harvest of sea foods in the area. The mangrove plantation was also developed into ecotourism site.

Site evaluation is the pre-requisite in the establishment of mangrove area. An ideal area is with sand dune during low tide. It is followed by site lay out using the planting design that is adopted, and direct planting of propagules in the soil. Planting materials used are the cigar-shaped mature propagules harvested from the Bacauan- Lalake specie of mangroves. The direct seeding planting is the ideal method of planting in establishing a mangroves plantation. Mangrove propagules must be planted after collection. It should not be exposed to direct sunlight to prevent moisture loss.

There are (3) planting designs used in the establishment of the mangroves. First, the high density planting of propagules with no lay out to be followed. This planting design can accommodate 30,000 pcs of propagules per hectare. Second, design has a spacing of 1 meter by 1 meter planted in rows and can hold 10,000 pieces of propagules per hectare. Third is the block/cluster design in which each cluster was planted with 750 pieces of propagules with a distance of 30 centimeters apart per propagules. The spacing between the blocks or cluster is 10 meters and can contain 5,000 pieces of propagules per hectare. Maintenance includes monitoring of the crop status, replanting of missing hills and weeding by removing sea weeds, barnacles and sea debris.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

This was started in the 1950's by Ernesto Pandi and supported by the DENR through programs such as National Greening Program, Community Based Forest Management

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• conserve ecosystem
• preserve/ improve biodiversity
• reduce risk of disasters
• adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
• mitigate climate change and its impacts
• create beneficial economic impact
• create beneficial social impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Specify:

Perennial trees

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• forest plantation management
• ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• 1-10 km2

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

There are (3) planting designs used in the establishment of the mangroves. First, the high density planting of propagules with no lay out to be followed. This planting design can accommodate 30,000 pcs of propagules per hectare. Second, design has a spacing of 1 meter by 1 meter planted in rows and can hold 10,000 pieces of propagules per hectare. Third is the block/cluster design in which each cluster was planted with 750 pieces of propagules with a distance of 30 centimeters apart per propagules. The spacing between the blocks or cluster is 10 meters and can contain 5,000 pieces of propagules per hectare. Maintenance includes monitoring of the crop status, replanting of missing hills and weeding by removing sea weeds, barnacles and sea debris.

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

Philippine peso

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

50.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Harvesting of matured propagules	Vegetative	During the month of June
2.	Direct seeding of propagules	Vegetative	During low tide

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour		Person day/ hectare	10.0	250.0	2500.0
Plant material	mangrove propagules	pieces	5000.0	1.0	5000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					7500.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

The cost was funded by the government through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Replanting of propagules	Vegetative	monthly
2.	Weeding and cleaning of site	Vegetative	monthly

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	labour	person day	3.0	250.0	750.0
Plant material	propragules	pieces	250.0	1.0	250.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					1000.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

The cost was funded by the government through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Yes

Regularity:

frequently

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Frequent flooding as mangrove forests are a part of the coastal marine ecosystem region

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
storm surge/ coastal flood	very well

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 10-50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

Most of the people in the community are involved in the mangrove forest program because of the support of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Yes

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

Planting design was modified through clustering for a technology resilient to climate change

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Innovative planting design using clustering as climate change mitigation measure. Mangroves are planted in cluster to achieve strength. The community and the Peoples' Organization (POs) determine the size of cluster to allow space as passage for boats. Spacing design used is flexible to adjust to local conditions that include depressed grounds, and patches of vegetation.
It provides livelihood for the community since it supports fisheries production and aquaculture.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
It provides protection in the coastal communities from storm surges, waves, tides, and currents. Mangrove has buffering capacity to hold back sea waves and reduce wave forces because of its extensive and dense above ground roots.
Mangrove plantation has potentials for ecotourism development.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Mangrove pests and diseases have caused failure of mangrove forest development.Planted propagules that are submerged most of the time have a low mortality rate.	Proper site selection of plantation site

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Mangrove sites are threatened by urbanization, conversion to agriculture, cutting/overharvesting of mangrove trees for industrial uses such as timber and charcoal	Strict implementation of rules, policies related to the protection and conservation of coastal areas and mangrove forest sites.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information