1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Ministry of Agriculture of Kazakhstan (MoA) - Eritrea

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

16/10/2003

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Localization of erosion processes and moisture accumulation by creation haloxylon strips in pastures of north desert

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

1. Pasture-protective haloxylon strips are created by sowing of seeds or planting of seedlings. Strips are three-row with 3 m spacing and 3 m distance between plants.
2. Strips are destined to accumulate a precipitation, decrease wind velocity and localize degradation centers in pastures.
3. Getting the additional feed for agricultural animals and fuel for people .
4. Not more than 500 ha is introduced in South Pribalkhashye.
5. The value of 1 ha of strips is 5500 tenge taking into account a preparation of soil, collection of seeds and sowing. The value of 1 ha of strips, made by planting of seedlings is 7200 tenge.
6. This technology is recommended in north Kazakhstan desert.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

SPC for livestock Husbandry and Veterinary of RK

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The formation of erosion centers in pastures

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Worsening of abode ecological conditions, forced migrations, increasing of feed capacity of pastures

Grazingland comments: Continuous grazing and unrestricted pasture pressure result in critical situation of degradation at sites around villages and open reservoirs

Type of grazing system comments: Continuous grazing and unrestricted pasture pressure result in critical situation of degradation at sites around villages and open reservoirs

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 170; Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 45; Second longest growing period from month to month: Sep - Oct

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• windbreak/ shelterbelt

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• 0.1-1 km2

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5 km2.

Now the strips created before 1991 remain on hand

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, minimum tillage, deep tillage / double digging

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technology of creation of saxaul pasture protective strips

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: reduction in wind speed

Early planting
Material/ species: seeds
Quantity/ density: 25-30kg/ha
Remarks: at right angle to wind direction

Minimum tillage
Remarks: at seeding

Deep tillage / double digging
Remarks: at planting

Aligned: -against wind
Number of plants per (ha): 35-40 thousand units
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3

Other species: haloxylon 35-40 thousand units

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Soil preparation	Vegetative	spring
2.	Planting	Vegetative	spring
3.	Cultivating of spacing areas from second year of haloxylon	Vegetative	2 times in year – spring and autumn

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Soil preparation, planting and cultivating	ha	1.0	9.0	9.0
Equipment	Machine use	ha	1.0	13.0	13.0
Plant material	Seeds	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0
Plant material	Seedlings	ha	1.0	250.0	250.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					282.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Soil surface treatment	Agronomic	spring / 1 time.
2.	Sowing	Agronomic	spring / 1 time.
3.	Soil packing	Agronomic	spring / 1 time.
4.	Planting	Agronomic	spring / 1 time.
5.	Cultivating of spacing areas	Vegetative	spring and autumn /each year

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

For protection from hot wind for the space 1km

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

value of petrol.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 490-510 m a.s.l

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Dust content is up to 80% in autumn

Soil texture (topsoil): Light serozems clay sand

Topsoil organic matter: 0.8-1.2%

Soil fertility is very low since the humus content is 0.8-1.2%

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium beacuse of crushed stone base

Soil water storage capacity is very low. In spring 17-21%, in autumn the producing moisture is lacking

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: With time the plantings can be used as fuel for community people

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village

Land use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Other ecological impacts

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• more than 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

440 households in an area of 5 km2 (50-100 persons/km)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

430 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

40% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: all of groups of community people are interested in use of the technology

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
increase of pasture capacity
improvement of ecological conditions in places of abode
increase of living standards

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
shortening of possibilities of dust storms in degraded pastures How can they be sustained / enhanced? all advantages can be sustained for 30 and more years
possibility of fuel storage in woodless areas of desert
increase of pasture capacity
Influence on culture standard of people