1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 12, 'label': 'Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Water and Land Resource Centre Project (WLRC)', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 12, 'label': 'Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Water and Land Resource Centre Project (WLRC)', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 820, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Water and Land Resource Centre (WLRC) - Ethiopia', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 820, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Water and Land Resource Centre (WLRC) - Ethiopia', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 820, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Water and Land Resource Centre (WLRC) - Ethiopia', 'template': 'raw'}

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Homestead development is a diverse, dynamic and interesting horticultural area; it appears as an agroforestry plot in a cultivated landscape surrounding it, and it is more productive than single cropping, since harvesting is continuous over a great portion of the growing season and beyond.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

1. Homestead development is a horticultural area, usually around a homestead, and consisting of trees (mango, avocado), bushes (citrus fruits, coffee, gesho (hops), chat, banana), while ground crops (vegetables, maize) are grown at the same time and on the same parcel of land.
2. The technology applies the principle of intercropping, i.e. two or more plant species are grown in close proximity, providing multiple outputs and yields, while combined applications and shared inputs are possible.
3. Economically, homestead development helps to reduce poverty through increased production, improved human nutrition through diverse species. It also reduces deforestation and pressure on wood land by providing fuelwood.
4. In order to make the land suitable for homestead development, market-oriented seeds or seedlings must be available, thus a nursery for seedling provision. farm equipment, adequate water (hand-dug well), and sufficient work power are preconditions.
5. Homestead development as a technology is both economic and environmental, as the agroforestry setup also serves for conservation of natural resources.
6. Land users like additional outputs from their small plots of land, including the variety of fruits and vegetables, the recreational area around their homes, and the availability of water in hand-dug wells that are needed for irrigation.
7. Nevertheless, land are aware that homestead development gardens need continuous follow-up and management, as well as intensive labour inputs.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2013

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• conserve ecosystem
• preserve/ improve biodiversity
• create beneficial economic impact
• create beneficial social impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

Comments:

Previous to the homestead development, the area was used for keeping livestock near the house, with some eucalyptus tees planted for construction and fuel wood. If the homestead garden is larger, it was previously also used for cultivating crops, and as grazing area.

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

Comments:

The homestead area was transformed from the above land uses to horticulture, while the 'old' land use system prevails in the surrounding area.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• mixed rainfed-irrigated

Comments:

For irrigation small hand-dug wells are constructed, up to a depth of about 5 metres, while the water level is usually quite near the surface during the rainy season.

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• home gardens

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• USD

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

1.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	preparation of shallow wells	during dry season (to get deepest ground water)
2.	improved fruit, vegetable and fodder seed(ling)s	during seed(ling) planting time
3.	establishment of nursery site in the garden	after crop harvesting
4.	preparation of the farm for plantation	after harvesting annual crop
5.	planting of seedlings	July to August during main rainy season
6.	continuous follow up and management practice performed	throughout the year

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	shallow well preparation (3 wells)	person-days	27.0	5.0	135.0	70.0
Labour	farm preparation (first year)	person-days	12.0	5.0	60.0	100.0
Equipment	farming tools (first year)	pieces	6.0	4.0	24.0	60.0
Plant material	improved seed(ling)s	kg	5.0	3.0	15.0	50.0
Fertilizers and biocides	compost (first year)	m3	6.0	5.0	30.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	pesticides (first year)	litre	2.0	2.0	4.0	100.0
Construction material	stones (first year)	m3	6.0	5.0	30.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					298.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					298.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Remaining costs were covered by the Agricultural Office

Comments:

The labor cost for garden work is more expensive because it is difficult, strenuous, intensive and the working hours are longer.
The costs are mostly covered by the owner.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	shallow well maintenance	once a year
2.	farm preparation (expansion)	throughout year
3.	weeding and plowing	throughout the year

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	shallow well maintenance	person-days	5.0	5.0	25.0	100.0
Labour	farm preparation	person-days	11.0	5.0	55.0	100.0
Labour	weeding and plowing	person-days	15.0	5.0	75.0	100.0
Plant material	improved seed(ling)s	kg	2.0	4.0	8.0	50.0
Fertilizers and biocides	compost	m3	7.0	5.0	35.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	pesticides	litre	2.0	3.0	6.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					204.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					204.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Remaining costs were covered by the Agricultural Office

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Inflation rate fluctuations

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

A major source of pollution are sediments resulting from soil erosion on cultivated land, and excess runoff from overgrazed areas.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Rent in and rent out in cultural norms

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)
• individual

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)
• individual

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

Yes

Specify:

Yezota (ownership right)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	very well
seasonal temperature	winter	increase	very well
annual rainfall		increase	very well
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season		very well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	very well
local thunderstorm	very well

Biological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
epidemic diseases	very well
insect/ worm infestation	very well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 11-50%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
It helps fulfilling home consumption needs without incurring additional cost.
The water availability for irrigation has increased due to hand-dug wells.
It helps income diversification (from different fruits, vegetables and other crops such as chat)

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Increase of water table due to soil and water conservation on the land above the technology.
Creation of a conducive environment for the area.
Improvement of soil and water conservation practices.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
labor intensive, need continuous follow-up	use of family labour (female and children)
lack of research output to get more production from small parcel of land	improve link between farmers and researchers
lack of modern market linkages	create a market linkage before harvesting time

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
General lack of special attention for small scale farmers	Government should improve extension system for innovative small scale farmers

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

primary data

Available from where? Costs?

obtained from land users

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Homestead development

7.4 General comments

The questionnaire is transparent and easy to understand even for a first-time user.