1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

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1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Willow and hazelnut trees have been planted in strips on arable land to reduce windspeed, decrease the leaching of nutrients and attract and support natural enemies of crops pests.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

This agroforestry technology is being implemented on an arable field of 5.48 hectares in the South-West of the Netherlands. Strips of willow and hazelnut trees have been planted and arable crops are grown in between these strips. The outside of the field is banded with herb-rich grassland to attract natural enemies of the crop pests. In total there are four trees strips (two each of willow and hazelnut), each strip of 5 metres x 240 metres and separated by 42 metres. The land between tree strips is used for annual cropping. The willow trees were planted to produce biomass for bedding in a goat pen, and the hazelnuts were planted for the production of hazelnuts. The willows, especially, will attract many natural enemies to control insect pests of the crops. All trees were bought from a local grower. A planting machine was used to plant the cuttings (3600 pieces) of willow. The hazelnut seedlings (192 pieces) were planted by hand. Weed control between the rows of hazelnut trees will be done by a motorised two-wheel cultivator. Furthermore, a picking machine in front of a small tractor will be used to collect the hazelnuts. The farmer hopes that the trees will develop steadily and the first products can be harvested within three years.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2021

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Farmer's ideas supported as part of the FAB Farmers project

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• preserve/ improve biodiversity

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

No

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• mixed rainfed-irrigated

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• windbreak/ shelterbelt
• integrated pest and disease management (incl. organic agriculture)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

other/ national currency (specify):

Euro

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

0.92

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Planting the trees	Winter
2.	Cutting williow for planting	Winter

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Planting trees by hand by farmer	hours	16.0	50.0	800.0	100.0
Equipment	Planting machine willow cuttings	each	1.0	300.0	300.0	100.0
Plant material	Willow cuttings	Cuttings / trees	3600.0	0.2	720.0	100.0
Plant material	Hazelnut trees	trees	200.0	2.5	500.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					2320.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					2521.74

Comments:

Total costs for establishment on 5.48ha field

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Pruning trees	Anually
2.	Irrigating young trees (as req)	summer
3.	Harvesting nuts	Autumn
4.	Weed control	as required

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Farmer time for pruning & harvesting	day	3.0	250.0	750.0	100.0
Labour	Farmer time for weed control / irrigation (time varies)	day	4.0	250.0	1000.0	100.0
Equipment	Harvesting machine (price currently unknown)	hire / purchase	1.0			100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					1750.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					1902.17

Comments:

Harvesting machine costs currently unknown. Total costs for maintenance of 5.48 ha field.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Climate impacting requirement of irrigation time will vary. Main future cost is harvesting and the net costs with nut crop yield.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Agrobiodiversity will increase with the new system

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• company

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

No

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Specify assessment of on-site impacts (measurements):

Based on expert opinion.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

Specify assessment of off-site impacts (measurements):

Not large enough to have a significant impact downstream.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• single cases/ experimental

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Adds a future variety of produce
Wind break will aid crop protection

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Increases beneficial species
Improves soil health
Better long-term business prospects for sustainability

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Short-term financial and time cost	Grant funding
No guarentee of good nut or wood yield	Ensure maintenence to highest standard to improve chance of good yield.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Knowledge of markets for new products need to be identified early	Gain advice from SLM expert

7.1 Methods/ sources of information