1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Land Use Based Mitigation for Resilient Climate Pathways (LANDMARC)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Sustainability & Resilience company (su-re.co) - Indonesia

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

Comments:

It can be declared a sustainable land management technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Approximately 20,000 hectares of degraded land is being rehabilitated land using assisted natural regeneration, enrichment planting and agroforestry. The resultant secondary forests and agroforests will have high values for ecotourism, sequester substantial amounts of carbon, produce a range of in-demand commodities (e.g., coffee, spices), generate bioenergy, and offer improved ecosystem services.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

A partnership of local communities and governments is, in collaboration with international and national development organizations, donors and investors, rehabilitating approximately 20,000 hectares of degraded forest and agricultural land using assisted natural regeneration, enrichment planting and agroforestry. The resultant secondary forests and agroforests will have high values for ecotourism, sequester substantial amounts of carbon, produce a range of in-demand commodities (e.g., coffee, spices), and generate bioenergy. They will also offer improved ecosystem services to Bali as a whole, which will be very valuable for the tourism industry, representing an opportunity for investment and payment for ecosystem services (PES).

In the first 20 hectares, around 1,600 trees were planted per hectare, consisting of Coffee Arabica Katimor and Local Avocado trees. In between, shrubs such as local cassava and root species already existed. The spacing followed recommendations from ICCRI (Indonesian Coffee and Cacao Research Institute) whereby 2-3 meters distance are placed in between coffee trees, with much further distances for the shade trees. For fertilization, local goat manure is primarily used and filled in the planting holes the size of 30cm x 30cm x 30cm.


Northeast Bali, Indonesia — which includes the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark — features approximately 135,000 ha of degraded land in the Government’s Forest Estate (‘Kawasan Hutan’), which is managed by the provincial government’s Forestry and Environment Agency (Dinas Kehutanan Dan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Bali/DKLH).

The vegetation, soils and water resources are designated as ‘potentially’ to ‘very severely’ degraded on 463,500 hectares. This is steadily increasing owing to unsustainable forestry and farming practices. Local communities within and surrounding the Kawasan Hutan — among the poorest in Bali — are affected by droughts, flash floods, landslides and poor water quality.

The Geopark in Northeast Bali was established in 2012 on the active volcanic landscape of Mt Batur, which features not only unique and dramatic geological formations, protected forests and endemic flora and fauna but also 15 villages. Approximately 90% of the Geopark is classified as severely degraded owing to a lack of post-eruption rehabilitation and unsustainable farming practices. The Geopark received almost one million visitors in 2019.

The ten-year project will be implemented by a consortium consisting of Sustainability and Resilience Co. (a local NGO), Indonesian government (through DKLH), local university (Udayana), international research-in-development organization (CIFOR-ICRAF), specialist national research organizations, intergovernmental organization, larger private sector and investment partners, each bringing a specific set of skills and expertise.

The work will be carried out through four major components.

1. Establishment of a coordinated enabling environment through a multistakeholder forum of local governments, national and provincial government agencies, communities, larger private sector and project consortium members.

2. Co-designing and co-implementing models of integrated ecosystem and livelihoods restoration that suit local socio-economic and environmental conditions with staged expansion over the ten years.

3. Training communities, local small businesses and Government staff in co-design, establishment and management of restored, productive ecosystems and value chains.

4. Strengthening and further introducing partnerships between the community, public and private sectors in all aspects of the landscape, including co-developing and co-implementing an enabling investment environment for continuing financial flows.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2024

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Training communities, local small businesses, and Government staff in the co-design, establishment, and management of restored, productive ecosystems and value chains.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• preserve/ improve biodiversity
• mitigate climate change and its impacts
• create beneficial economic impact
• create beneficial social impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

Comments:

Degraded or unproductive land in Wanagiri, Bali, Indonesia

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

Comments:

Agroforestry

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Agroforestry practices

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
• adapt to land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• USD

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

600.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Survey	Month 1-2
2.	Stakeholders Engagement	Month 3-4
3.	Climate Field School	Month 4
4.	Nursing Establishment	Month 5-7
5.	Initial Tree Plantation	Month 8
6.	Fertilizing and Biocides	Month 8
7.	Maintenance	Month 9-12
8.	Tree Planting	Month 13
9.	Fertilizing and Biocides	Month 13
10.	Maintenance	Month 14-17

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Workers and Researchers	1000	20.0	1000.0	20000.0
Plant material	Seedlings	500	40.0	500.0	20000.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Organic fertilizer	60	100.0	60.0	6000.0
Construction material	Nursery	1000	14.0	1000.0	14000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					60000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					100.0

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of establishing the Technology:

60000.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Project donors and grants will cover all costs

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Fertilizer	Once per year
2.	Transportation, accommodation for fertilizing and stakeholders engagement	Once per year

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Transportation, accommodation in the 1st year	Package	1.0	250.0	250.0
Labour	Transportation, accommodation in the 2nd year	Package	1.0	250.0	250.0
Labour	Transportation, accommodation in the 2nd year	Package	1.0	250.0	250.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Goat manure in the 1st year	kg	400.0	0.2	80.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Chicken manure in the 1st year	kg	400.0	0.1	40.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Goat manure in the 2nd year	kg	400.0	0.2	80.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Chicken manure in the 2nd year	kg	400.0	0.1	40.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Goat manure in the 3rd year	kg	400.0	0.2	80.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Chicken manure in the 3rd year	kg	400.0	0.1	40.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					1110.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					1.85

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of maintaining the Technology:

1110.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

The project donors and grants will cover all the cost

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Climate or seasonal change will affect the fertilizing time and will affect the annual cost for fertilizer

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Andosols (volcanic soil)



Rich organic matter

Highly porous

Dark coloured

Developed from parent material of volcanic origin

Low pH

High porosity

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Wanagiri forest
67 plant species

Agroforestry systems involve growing crops and trees together, which can increase the overall biodiversity of the area.

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

No

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

Comments:

52.64% primary education



35.51% lower secondary and upper secondary



11.85% undergraduate and graduate school


Technical assistance





Employment

Markets





Energy

Road and transport

Drinking water and sanitation

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual rainfall		decrease	moderately

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	moderately

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	not known

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

Enabling environment for investment in tree-product supply chains

Readily investable business plans and economically viable restoration models targeting profitable species, such as Pongamia, Bamboo, Coffee

Carbon credits

A landscape of integrated restoration, bioenergy, and payment for ecosystem services.

At least 10,000 male and female farmers trained in assisted natural regeneration, enrichment planting, climate-smart agroforestry, bioenergy and other productive practices.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 11-50%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 11-50%

Comments:

Yes, they voluntarily did the tree planting

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Yes

If yes, indicate to which changing conditions it was adapted:

• changing markets

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

By applying intercropping, farmers will have more products variants, e.g. potatoes, chillies

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Quality germplasm from commercially viable nurseries (coffee, avocado, cassava, jackfruit, lamtoro)
Landscape restoration

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Community engagement
Carbon credits

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Reduced crops production due to lack of capacity and resources to maintain	Monitoring, evaluation, and maintenance

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Natural Disaster	Risk Mitigation

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

N/A

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Let's restore 43,000 ha of Bali

URL:

https://www.su-re.co/tree-planting

7.4 General comments

Envision a revitalized Bali where degraded lands bloom once more, fostering sustainable farming, robust ecotourism, and enhanced ecosystem services.