water harvesting (Kenia)

Descripción

Water harvesting for agricultural production in ASALS.

Aims / objectives: Water harvesting to enhance extra moisture and for reduced risks of crop failure. The technology combines retention/infiltration ditches, bench terraces, appropriate tillaging, manure use, water channels diverting run off from either high ways or natural waterways and stabilization of SWC embankment. Implementation is made by land users with guidance of SWC specialists. Land users may be a group or individual, though the land use type is individual ownership.

Other important information: Most of part 2: specification of SWC approach, QA2.11.3-QA2.5.2.3 were answered with assumptions since there never existed other projects in the area before this indigeneous one known as extra humid in arid and semi-arid lands (EHMASAL) programme established in 2000 to provide land users with the existing SWC technologies and methods of approaches to meet the prevailing need of self-sufficience and food security. The programme strategies are attached.

Lugar

Lugar: Eastern province, Kenia

Georreferencia de sitios seleccionados

37.619, -1.789

Dato de inicio: 2000

Año de conclusión: n.d.

Tipo de Enfoque

tradicional/ local
iniciativa local reciente/ innovadora
proyecto/ basado en un programa

Metas del Enfoque y entorno facilitador

Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Timeliness in planting/transplanting, seed selection, seedlings variety and breeds for the AEZ.)

To harvest runoff and spread it on cropped area to maximize agricultural productivity. To improve crop moisture requiremnet. To reduce risks of crop failure stimulated by aridity in ASALs. To control soil erosion by water and wind. To improve the inflitration rate. To enhance food security for self-sufficiency and reliance.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Inadequency of soil moisture resulting to crop failure. Inefficiency of approach to improve the situation. Fertility depletion due to continuous cultivation. Soil crusting caused by erosion, poor tillaging, overgrazing and deforestation (degadation).

Condiciones que facilitan la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

Marco de trabajo legal (tenencia de tierra, derechos de uso de tierra y agua): The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights greatly helped the approach implementation: Land ownership/land use rights help implementation of the approach since benefits are realized by the sole land user.

Condiciones que impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

Disponibilidad/ acceso a recursos y servicios financieros : The much need be done on SWC in ASAL is beyond the sole land user for hand Treatment through the SLM Approach: It requires financial support by source of loans and market orientation
Marco de trabajo legal (tenencia de tierra, derechos de uso de tierra y agua): No empowerment on land use law or bylaws Treatment through the SLM Approach: Enforcement by legislation on land use policy.
Conocimiento de MST, acceso a apoyo técnico: poor land treatment-plans, poor land husbandry, low knowledge Treatment through the SLM Approach: Interaction in land use change, especially with SWC specialists

Participación y roles de las partes interesadas involucradas

Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

¿Qué partes interesadas/ entidades implementadoras estuvieron involucradas en el Enfoque?	Especifique las partes interesadas	Describa los roles de las partes interesadas
usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales	Land user/local SWC specialists. Working land users were work equally divided between men and women (The family leader organizes for activity implementation either family labour or casuals). Women are majority for reason that men are engaged on off-farm. Employmentproportion is about 3 women to 1 man. Mostly women in public meetings and open field days
especialistas MST/consejeros agrícolas
gobierno nacional (planificadores, autoridades)	Water harvest for agricultural production RESCU 1996. Run off farming ministry of agriculture, Nairobi

Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque

ninguno

pasivo

apoyo externo

interactivo

auto-movilización

iniciación/ motivación

Mainly:public meetings; partly: workshops/seminars; public meetings for initial awareness. Workshops/seminars for technical assistance for approach

planificación

Mainly: workshops/seminars; partly: public meetings; innovators land users seminar

implementación

monitoreo y evaluación

Mainly: reporting; partly: measurements/observations; correct dimensions, monthly progress report

Research

Flujograma

Organogram

La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología MST

Las decisiones fueron tomadas por

solamente usuarios de tierras (autoiniciativa)
principalmente usuarios de tierras con el apoyo de especialistas MST
todos los actores relevantes, como parte de un enfoque participativo
principalmente por especialistas MST en consulta con usuarios de tierras
solo por especialistas MST
por políticos/ líderes

La toma de decisiones se basa en

la evaluación de conocimiento MST bien documentado (la toma de decisiones se basa en evidencia)
hallazgos de investigaciones
la experiencia personal y opiniones (no documentadas)

Apoyo técnico, fortalecimiento institucional y gestión del conocimiento

Las siguientes actividades o servicios fueron parte del enfoque

Construcción de capacidades / capacitación
Servicio de asesoría
Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)
Monitoreo y evaluación
Investigación

Construcción de capacidades/ capacitación

Se proporcionó capacitación a las siguientes partes interesadas

usuarios de tierras
personal de campo/ consejeros
extensionists/trainers

Forma de capacitación

en el contexto de trabajo
de agricultor a agricultor
áreas de demostración
reuniones públicas
cursos

Temas avanzados

Only field days and practical substitutes training for a fact that the programme has no source of finance to support trainings.

Servicio de asesoría

Se proporcionó servicio de asesoría

en los campos de los usuarios de tierras
en centros permanentes

Runoff farming (water harvesting); Key elements: Infiltration/retention ditches, level bench terraces, soil structure, texture and fertility improvement, macro/micro catchment water harvest bund; 1) Advisory service was carried out through: non-governmental agency 2) Target groups for extension: land users; Activities: SWC activities, water harvest

Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Staff farmer ratio is too high to induce land use change

Fortalecimiento institucional

Se fortalecieron/ establecieron instituciones

no
sí, un poco
sí, moderadamente
sí, mucho

en el siguiente nivel

local
regional
nacional

Describa la institución, los roles y las responsabilidades, miembros, etc.

Tipo de apoyo

financiero
construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento
equipo

Detalles adicionales

Monitoreo y evaluación

Area treated aspects were regular monitored through measurements no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored through observations There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The changes may come up season after season due to rainfall characteristics in arid areas. The period is rather short to make a conclusion. No change observed hither to.

Investigación

La investigación trató los siguientes temas

sociología
economía/ marketing
ecología
tecnología

The existing SWC recommendations were released through the institution

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

Financiamiento y apoyo material externo

Presupuesto anual en dólares americanos para el componente MST

< 2,000
2,000-10,000
10,000-100,000
100,000-1,000,000
> 1,000,000

Precise annual budget: n.d.

Approach costs were met by the following donors: local community / land user(s) (no external support)

Los siguientes servicios o incentivos fueron proporcionados a los usuarios de las tierras

Apoyo financiero/material proporcionado a los usuarios de tierras
Subsidios para insumos específicos
Crédito
Otros incentivos o instrumentos

Conclusiones y lecciones aprendidas

Fortalezas: perspectiva del usuario de tierras

increase weight on food security (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: to acquire knowledge of the land husbandry.)
introduces off-farm employment (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: proper measures and practices of water harvesting component.)

Fortalezas: punto de vista del compilador o de otra persona recurso clave

The approach focuses on food security and self-sufficiency. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Regular maintenance of the SWC structures and agroforestry establishment.)
Improve the standard of living if adopted by the community. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Enforcement of SWC policy by the government to protect technology areas.)
Reduces risk of crop failure due to poor rainfall distribution. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Introduce policy of land use right/land ownership.)
Reduces soil and water losses through erosion. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Introduced land use change and land management (land husbandry practices))
Improves national economy as well as family gross income. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: improvement on market of agricultural products and by-products.)

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos: perspectiva del usuario de tierrascómo sobreponerse

poor marketing system for most of agricultural products and byproducts. formation of cooperative societies
slow in adoption on land use change due to longer period of cost return government introduces enforcement law to discourage communal land use.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos: punto de vista del compilador o de otra persona recurso clavecómo sobreponerse

regular crop failure due to erratic rainfall patterns enhance extra moisture by water harvest and spreading it in cropped area
consumes time, energy and money to establish. No soil, no food. No water, no life. Policy of approach
interferes with soil fertility and reduces land size by SWC structures. Manure and fertilizer application regularly to maximize production level.
Slow in cost benefit return from a given area. marketing orientation for farm products
Low income sources of the common land users. Introduced sources of agricultural loan policy for ASALs.

Referencias

Compilador

Philippe Zahner

Editors

Revisado por

Fabian Ottiger

Fecha de la implementación: 19 de enero de 2009

Últimas actualización: 12 de junio de 2017

Personas de referencia

Philippe Zahner (philippe.zahner@deza.admin.ch) - Especialista MST
Francis Mbote (pc+changeme2@nalep.co.ke) - Especialista MST
Kathinji Mutunga - Especialista MST
Alex R. Adual - Especialista MST

Descripción completa en la base de datos de WOCAT

https://qcat.wocat.net/es/wocat/approaches/view/approaches_2356/

Datos MST vinculados

Technologies: Micro-catchments for rainwater harvesting https://qcat.wocat.net/es/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2895/
Technologies: Wooden water reservoir for rain water harvesting. https://qcat.wocat.net/es/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_3301/
Technologies: Micro-catchments for rainwater harvesting https://qcat.wocat.net/es/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2895/

La documentación fue facilitada por

Institución

International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) - Kenia
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development of Kenya (MoA) - Kenia
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (DEZA / COSUDE / DDC / SDC) - Suiza

Proyecto

n.d.

Referencias claves

SWC manual for Kenya 1997 by D.B. ThomasSoil conservation in Kenya 1981 by C.G.WennerSWC technology development in Kenya by K:MutungaSony super DXE-180 videoThe sun will still rise videoRunoff, a friend or a foe video: agricultiral information centre, freeagricultiral information centre, freeM.A.R.D. SWCB-NBI Kenya, freeSWCB NBI Kenya, freeRELMA/CIDA, freeRELMA/CIDA, free
Rainfall runoff analysis by Paul Kimeu. 1-11. Feb. 1998:
Water conservation, water harvesting and management (WCHM) scheme design. Practicals (WHIF) exercise. Embu February 1-11 1998:
Method of collecting and storing local surface runoff for water supply in central Asian deserts by Prof A.G. Babaer: Desert research institute, Gogolstr.15.
Study of traditional water harvesting practices in Cost province, by J.O.Owupo, July 1998:
Soil characteristics and properties for water conservation, harvesting and management (WCHM). (WH5) June 29-July 7 1997 by Kithinji Mutunga:
Dryland water harvesting (WH), water conservtion (WC) techniques , by K. Mutunga 9-15 July 1995:
Design procedure for harvesting and conservation system, by Odoyo J. Bittar. ministry of agriculture, Busia-Kenya, February 1-11, 1998:
MINOR ROADS PROGRAMME soil conservation. Pilot project final report 1992agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free: Agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free
promoting farmer innovatiion . Workshop report No. 2 by Will Critchley 'RELMA' 1999: Free
mpact assessment study. National soil and water conservation branch, final report 1998: Agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free
The sustainability of the catchment approach - induced measures and activities, by Yeraswara Admasie (NSWCP). Report in 1998: Free
Where ther is no water. SASOL and by Donald B.Thomas 1999. maji na ufanisi P.O.Box 14893 Nairobi: Free
ater from sand rivers by Erik Nissen Petersen report No.23, RELMA/SIDA. Kenya 2000:
Agroforestry extension manual for northern Zambia, by Henry Chilufya. BO Tengrias , free. RSCU Nairobi technical handbook No.11.:
The hand of man. Soil conservation in Kondoa, eroded area Tanzania, by Carl Christiansson, Alfred Mbegu, Andreas Yrgard, RSCU/SIDA 1993 free:
Nomadic pastoral appraisal SWCB MALDM P.O. Box 30028 Nairobi, by L.I. Mwarasomba:
Curriculum for in service training in agroforestry and related subjects in Kenya. By Stachys M. Muturi. M.A., MENR, Kenya. Forestry research institute, RSCU/SIDA 1992: