Enfoques

water harvesting [Kenia]

approaches_2356 - Kenia

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación del Enfoque

Persona(s) de referencia clave/s

Especialista MST:

Philippe Zahner

Especialista MST:

Francis Mbote

Especialista MST:

Mutunga Kathinji

Ministry of agriculture and rural development national SWC branch.

P.O.Box 30028 Nairobi

Kenia

Especialista MST:

Adual Alex R.

RELMA/SIDA ICRAF house

P.O.Box 63403 Nairobi

Kenia

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (DEZA / COSUDE / DDC / SDC) - Suiza
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoA) - Kenia
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) - Kenia

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT :

Sí

1.4 Referencia/s al/los Cuestionario(s) de Tecnologías MST

Wooden water reservoir for rain water harvesting.
technologies

Wooden water reservoir for rain water harvesting. [Uganda]

A gutter system constructed on the farmer’s house-roof collects rainwater and directs it into a constructed reservoir raised off the ground with interior walls lined with water-proof tarpaulin. The reservoir has a maximum capacity of 8,000 liters of water; clean enough for irrigation, livestock and domestic use during seasons of …

  • Compilador: Aine Amon
Micro-catchments for rainwater harvesting
technologies

Micro-catchments for rainwater harvesting [Kenia]

Ox-ploughed furrow micro-catchments are intentionally built as part of seedbed preparation to harvest rainwater. Commonly used in dryland environments, the micro-catchment prolong water availability for seed germination and growth and development of the emerging seedlings.

  • Compilador: Kevin Mganga

2. Descripción del Enfoque MST

2.1 Breve descripción del Enfoque

Water harvesting for agricultural production in ASALS.

2.2 Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST

Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST:

Aims / objectives: Water harvesting to enhance extra moisture and for reduced risks of crop failure. The technology combines retention/infiltration ditches, bench terraces, appropriate tillaging, manure use, water channels diverting run off from either high ways or natural waterways and stabilization of SWC embankment. Implementation is made by land users with guidance of SWC specialists. Land users may be a group or individual, though the land use type is individual ownership.

Other important information: Most of part 2: specification of SWC approach, QA2.11.3-QA2.5.2.3 were answered with assumptions since there never existed other projects in the area before this indigeneous one known as extra humid in arid and semi-arid lands (EHMASAL) programme established in 2000 to provide land users with the existing SWC technologies and methods of approaches to meet the prevailing need of self-sufficience and food security. The programme strategies are attached.

2.3 Fotos del Enfoque

Galería de medios

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde el Enfoque fue aplicado

País:

Kenia

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

Eastern province

Previsualización del mapa

2.6 Fechas de inicio y conclusión del Enfoque

Indique año del inicio:

2000

2.7 Tipo de Enfoque

  • proyecto/ basado en un programa

2.8 Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Timeliness in planting/transplanting, seed selection, seedlings variety and breeds for the AEZ.)

To harvest runoff and spread it on cropped area to maximize agricultural productivity. To improve crop moisture requiremnet. To reduce risks of crop failure stimulated by aridity in ASALs. To control soil erosion by water and wind. To improve the inflitration rate. To enhance food security for self-sufficiency and reliance.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Inadequency of soil moisture resulting to crop failure. Inefficiency of approach to improve the situation. Fertility depletion due to continuous cultivation. Soil crusting caused by erosion, poor tillaging, overgrazing and deforestation (degadation).

2.9 Condiciones que facilitan o impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

disponibilidad/ acceso a recursos y servicios financieros
  • impiden

The much need be done on SWC in ASAL is beyond the sole land user for hand

Treatment through the SLM Approach: It requires financial support by source of loans and market orientation

marco de trabajo legal (tenencia de tierra, derechos de uso de tierra y agua)
  • facilitan

The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights greatly helped the approach implementation: Land ownership/land use rights help implementation of the approach since benefits are realized by the sole land user.

  • impiden

No empowerment on land use law or bylaws

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Enforcement by legislation on land use policy.

conocimiento de MST, acceso a apoyo técnico
  • impiden

poor land treatment-plans, poor land husbandry, low knowledge

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Interaction in land use change, especially with SWC specialists

3. Participación y roles de las partes interesadas involucradas

3.1 Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

  • usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales

Land user/local SWC specialists. Working land users were work equally divided between men and women (The family leader organizes for activity implementation either family labour or casuals). Women are majority for reason that men are engaged on off-farm. Employmentproportion is about 3 women to 1 man. Mostly women in public meetings and open field days

  • especialistas MST/consejeros agrícolas
  • gobierno nacional (planificadores, autoridades)

Water harvest for agricultural production RESCU 1996. Run off farming ministry of agriculture, Nairobi

3.2 Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque
Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales Especifique quién se involucró y describa las actividades
iniciación/ motivación interactivo Mainly:public meetings; partly: workshops/seminars; public meetings for initial awareness. Workshops/seminars for technical assistance for approach
planificación interactivo Mainly: workshops/seminars; partly: public meetings; innovators land users seminar
implementación auto-movilización
monitoreo y evaluación ninguno Mainly: reporting; partly: measurements/observations; correct dimensions, monthly progress report
Research ninguno

3.3 Flujograma (si estuviera disponible)

Descripción:

Organogram

3.4 La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología(s) MST

Especifique quién decidió la selección de las Tecnología/ Tecnologías a implementarse:
  • principalmente por especialistas MST en consulta con usuarios de tierras
Explique:

consultative for land use change

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists. land users implemented voluntarily.

4. Apoyo técnico, fortalecimiento institucional y gestión del conocimiento

4.1 Construcción de capacidades / capacitación

¿Se proporcionó la capacitación a usuarios de tierras/ otras partes interesadas?

Sí

Especifique quién fue capacitado:
  • usuarios de tierras
  • extensionists/trainers
Forma de capacitación:
  • en el contexto de trabajo
  • áreas de demostración
  • reuniones públicas
Temas avanzados:

Only field days and practical substitutes training for a fact that the programme has no source of finance to support trainings.

4.2 Servicio de asesoría

¿Los usuarios de tierras tienen acceso a un servicio de asesoría?

Sí

Describa/ comentarios:

Runoff farming (water harvesting); Key elements: Infiltration/retention ditches, level bench terraces, soil structure, texture and fertility improvement, macro/micro catchment water harvest bund; 1) Advisory service was carried out through: non-governmental agency 2) Target groups for extension: land users; Activities: SWC activities, water harvest

Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Staff farmer ratio is too high to induce land use change

4.3 Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)

¿Se establecieron o fortalecieron instituciones mediante el Enfoque?
  • sí, un poco
Especifique el nivel o los niveles en los que se fortalecieron o establecieron las instituciones:
  • local
Especifique el tipo de apoyo:
  • construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento

4.4 Monitoreo y evaluación

¿El monitoreo y la evaluación forman parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Comentarios:

Area treated aspects were regular monitored through measurements

no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored through observations

There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The changes may come up season after season due to rainfall characteristics in arid areas. The period is rather short to make a conclusion. No change observed hither to.

4.5 Investigación

¿La investigación formó parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Especifique los temas:
  • ecología
  • tecnología
Proporcione detalles adicionales e indique quién hizo la investigación:

The existing SWC recommendations were released through the institution

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

5. Financiamiento y apoyo material externo

5.1 Presupuesto anual para el componente MST del Enfoque

Si no se conoce el presupuesto anual preciso, indique el rango:
  • 10,000-100,000
Comentarios (ej. fuentes principales de financiamiento/ donantes principales):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: local community / land user(s) (no external support)

5.3 Subsidios para insumos específicos (incluyendo mano de obra)

Si la mano de obra de usuarios de tierras fue un insumo sustancial, ¿fue:
  • voluntario?

5.4 Crédito

¿Se proporcionó crédito bajo el Enfoque para actividades MST?

No

6. Análisis de impacto y comentarios de conclusión

6.1 Impactos del Enfoque

¿El Enfoque ayudó a los usuarios de tierras a implementar y mantener Tecnologías MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

soil management structurally aiming to make use of previously lost runoff for crop production.

¿El Enfoque mejoró cuestiones de tenencia de tierra/ derechos de usuarios que obstaculizaron la implementación de la Tecnologías MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

about 20-25% of the other organized groups adopted the approach initially.

6.3 Sostenibilidad de las actividades del Enfoque

¿Pueden los usuarios de tierras sostener lo que se implementó mediante el Enfoque (sin apoyo externo)?
  • sí
Si respondió que sí, describa cómo:

About 75% of the land users may continue implementing the SWC activities without financial support in future. What would be required by land user as focused is layout, alignment, generally technology guidance. If other approaches e.g. trainings/seminars were included to all farm production systems.

6.4 Fortalezas/ ventajas del Enfoque

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
increase weight on food security (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: to acquire knowledge of the land husbandry.)
introduces off-farm employment (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: proper measures and practices of water harvesting component.)
Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The approach focuses on food security and self-sufficiency. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Regular maintenance of the SWC structures and agroforestry establishment.)
Improve the standard of living if adopted by the community. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Enforcement of SWC policy by the government to protect technology areas.)
Reduces risk of crop failure due to poor rainfall distribution. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Introduce policy of land use right/land ownership.)
Reduces soil and water losses through erosion. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Introduced land use change and land management (land husbandry practices))
Improves national economy as well as family gross income. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: improvement on market of agricultural products and by-products.)

6.5 Debilidades/ desventajas del Enfoque y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
poor marketing system for most of agricultural products and byproducts. formation of cooperative societies
slow in adoption on land use change due to longer period of cost return government introduces enforcement law to discourage communal land use.
Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
regular crop failure due to erratic rainfall patterns enhance extra moisture by water harvest and spreading it in cropped area
consumes time, energy and money to establish. No soil, no food. No water, no life. Policy of approach
interferes with soil fertility and reduces land size by SWC structures. Manure and fertilizer application regularly to maximize production level.
Slow in cost benefit return from a given area. marketing orientation for farm products
Low income sources of the common land users. Introduced sources of agricultural loan policy for ASALs.

7. Referencias y vínculos

7.2 Referencias a publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

SWC manual for Kenya 1997 by D.B. ThomasSoil conservation in Kenya 1981 by C.G.WennerSWC technology development in Kenya by K:MutungaSony super DXE-180 videoThe sun will still rise videoRunoff, a friend or a foe video

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

agricultiral information centre, freeagricultiral information centre, freeM.A.R.D. SWCB-NBI Kenya, freeSWCB NBI Kenya, freeRELMA/CIDA, freeRELMA/CIDA, free

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Rainfall runoff analysis by Paul Kimeu. 1-11. Feb. 1998

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Water conservation, water harvesting and management (WCHM) scheme design. Practicals (WHIF) exercise. Embu February 1-11 1998

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Method of collecting and storing local surface runoff for water supply in central Asian deserts by Prof A.G. Babaer

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Desert research institute, Gogolstr.15.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Study of traditional water harvesting practices in Cost province, by J.O.Owupo, July 1998

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Soil characteristics and properties for water conservation, harvesting and management (WCHM). (WH5) June 29-July 7 1997 by Kithinji Mutunga

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Dryland water harvesting (WH), water conservtion (WC) techniques , by K. Mutunga 9-15 July 1995

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Design procedure for harvesting and conservation system, by Odoyo J. Bittar. ministry of agriculture, Busia-Kenya, February 1-11, 1998

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

MINOR ROADS PROGRAMME soil conservation. Pilot project final report 1992agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

promoting farmer innovatiion . Workshop report No. 2 by Will Critchley 'RELMA' 1999

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Free

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

mpact assessment study. National soil and water conservation branch, final report 1998

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

The sustainability of the catchment approach - induced measures and activities, by Yeraswara Admasie (NSWCP). Report in 1998

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Free

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Where ther is no water. SASOL and by Donald B.Thomas 1999. maji na ufanisi P.O.Box 14893 Nairobi

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Free

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

ater from sand rivers by Erik Nissen Petersen report No.23, RELMA/SIDA. Kenya 2000

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Agroforestry extension manual for northern Zambia, by Henry Chilufya. BO Tengrias , free. RSCU Nairobi technical handbook No.11.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

The hand of man. Soil conservation in Kondoa, eroded area Tanzania, by Carl Christiansson, Alfred Mbegu, Andreas Yrgard, RSCU/SIDA 1993 free

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Nomadic pastoral appraisal SWCB MALDM P.O. Box 30028 Nairobi, by L.I. Mwarasomba

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Curriculum for in service training in agroforestry and related subjects in Kenya. By Stachys M. Muturi. M.A., MENR, Kenya. Forestry research institute, RSCU/SIDA 1992

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