1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación del Enfoque

Nombre del proyecto que facilitó la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque (si fuera relevante)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Morocco (INRA-Morocco) - Marruecos

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT :

Sí

1.4 Referencia/s al/los Cuestionario(s) de Tecnologías MST

2.1 Breve descripción del Enfoque

Innovative, cross-disciplinary community-based approach for development and transfer of no-till technology at the farm level.

2.2 Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST

Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST:

Aims / objectives: After 15 years of on-station research at the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), testing and evaluation of no-till technology (NTT) at farm level started in 1997 with three pilot farmers. Recently two new projects were established to promote the introduction and adoption of NTT, in collaboration with the regional council and extension service of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). Fourteen pilot farmers are now involved in NTT. The overall purpose is to promote no-till technology to restore soils, improve production, mitigate drought, increase wealth and strengthen farmers??? organisations. NTT has been shown to be socially, economically and ecologically adapted to the local conditions. The approach has three stages: (1) Initiation: this includes basic research, strategic research and applied research; (2) Consolidation: planning is followed by detailed evaluation of technology adoption on farmers' fields; (3) Maturity: this involves the acceptance/spread of NTT with an increased number of farmers in the future.

Methods: INRA carries out research, information dissemination, gives training to technicians and farmers, and provides both technical assistance and monitoring. The regional council was convinced by the technology and now financially supports research activities, drill manufacture and extension of NTT. It also facilitates contacts with decision makers and farmers, and carries out evaluations. MoA development and extension services provide financial support, advice, technical assistance, and logistical support to farmers: they help to make the drills available. NGOs are engaged in the development of local/regional networks and farmers associations, as well as in funding and providing incentives. Farmers themselves are involved in the implementation, evaluation and dissemination of NTT. Participation, cross-discipline and bottom-up planning are key elements of the approach. Methods for implementation include long-term community on-farm trials, on-site training and information exchange, participation of stakeholders, information dissemination tools, and multi-directional knowledge flow. These are supplemented by intensive measurement/monitoring schemes, establishment of local/regional networks and farmers' association creation. On-the-job training is also provided.

2.3 Fotos del Enfoque

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde el Enfoque fue aplicado

2.6 Fechas de inicio y conclusión del Enfoque

2.7 Tipo de Enfoque

• proyecto/ basado en un programa

2.8 Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities

- spread the no-till technology: thereby enhancing soil productivity and reducing susceptibility to land degradation. - develop the production of no-till drill machinery. - generally: to ameliorate the living conditions of rural people through enhancing expertise, capacities and knowledge of farmers in managing their soils and crops

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - previous absence of an integrated research and extension programme. - lack of technical options in a harsh and risky environment. - underlying problems of land degradation and drought periods

2.9 Condiciones que facilitan o impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

3.1 Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

3.2 Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque

	Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales	Especifique quién se involucró y describa las actividades
iniciación/ motivación	pasivo	Mainly:public meetings; partly: workshops/seminars; open days
planificación	apoyo externo	Mainly: workshops/seminars; partly: public meetings
implementación	apoyo externo	Mainly: responsibility for minor steps; partly: casual labour
monitoreo y evaluación	apoyo externo	Mainly: interviews/questionnaires; partly: measurements/observations; field observations
Research	interactivo	on-farm; demonstration plots

3.3 Flujograma (si estuviera disponible)

3.4 La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología(s) MST

Especifique quién decidió la selección de las Tecnología/ Tecnologías a implementarse:

• principalmente por especialistas MST en consulta con usuarios de tierras

Explique:

Recognition of no-tillage as a pertinent technology by decision-makers at local, regional or national level (specialists and politicians / leaders) is due to important station results as well as to international call for promoting this technology

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users. No-tillage technology was under research and on farm trials (3 farmers) and showed very marked benefits, particularly during droughty years

4.1 Construcción de capacidades / capacitación

¿Se proporcionó la capacitación a usuarios de tierras/ otras partes interesadas?

Sí

Especifique quién fue capacitado:

• usuarios de tierras

• extensionists/trainers, politicians/decision makers, planners

Forma de capacitación:

• en el contexto de trabajo
• áreas de demostración
• reuniones públicas

Temas avanzados:

no-tillage system, weed control, machinery, cropping systems, crop variety

4.2 Servicio de asesoría

¿Los usuarios de tierras tienen acceso a un servicio de asesoría?

Sí

Especifique si servicio proporcionado se realizó:

• en los campos de los usuarios de tierras

Describa/ comentarios:

Key elements: Participation of extension agents and farmers / observations (on the crop, weeds, disease, seeding condition, yield components), On-job training / open days (field days to make farmers and extension discuss questions / remarks regarding no till technology, Monitoring/Participatory; 1) Advisory service was carried out through: government's existing extension system 2) Advisory service was carried out through: government's existing extension system; Extension staff: mainly government employees 3) Target groups for extension: land users; Activities: demonstration, field days, traveling workshops

Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Extension Agents need training

4.3 Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)

¿Se establecieron o fortalecieron instituciones mediante el Enfoque?

• sí, moderadamente

Especifique el nivel o los niveles en los que se fortalecieron o establecieron las instituciones:

• local

Especifique el tipo de apoyo:

• financiero
• construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento

4.4 Monitoreo y evaluación

¿El monitoreo y la evaluación forman parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Comentarios:

Bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements
Technical aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements
Socio-cultural aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations
Economic / production aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements;
Area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations
No. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements
Management of Approach aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations;
There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The evaluation is still in process: thus too early to state what changes are likely.

4.5 Investigación

¿La investigación formó parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Especifique los temas:

• sociología
• tecnología

• agronomy

Proporcione detalles adicionales e indique quién hizo la investigación:

crop performance, soil analysis, no-till drill design and evaluation, socio-economic indexes of NTT.

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

5.1 Presupuesto anual para el componente MST del Enfoque

Si no se conoce el presupuesto anual preciso, indique el rango:

• 100,000-1,000,000

Comentarios (ej. fuentes principales de financiamiento/ donantes principales):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (national - INRA/Ministry): 80.0%; local community / land user(s) (Regional Council): 20.0%

5.2 Apoyo financiero/material proporcionado a los usuarios de tierras

¿Los usuarios de tierras recibieron financiamiento/ apoyo material para implementar la Tecnología/ Tecnologías? :

Sí

5.3 Subsidios para insumos específicos (incluyendo mano de obra)

• equipo

• agrícola

Si la mano de obra de usuarios de tierras fue un insumo sustancial, ¿fue:

• voluntario?

5.4 Crédito

¿Se proporcionó crédito bajo el Enfoque para actividades MST?

Sí

Especifique las condiciones (tasa de interés el apoyo, amortización, etc.):

repayment conditions: To promote the acceptance of the technology, farmers receive a 50% subsidy on the purchase price of the no-till drill (as is the general case for all types of drills)..

6.1 Impactos del Enfoque

6.3 Sostenibilidad de las actividades del Enfoque

¿Pueden los usuarios de tierras sostener lo que se implementó mediante el Enfoque (sin apoyo externo)?

• sí

Si respondió que sí, describa cómo:

Progress can continue to be made, assuming that training, subsidised drills, and the creation of farmers' organisations all persist.

6.4 Fortalezas/ ventajas del Enfoque

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Adaptability to farmers needs/constraints (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Include integration of livestock and crops. This should be helpful to pursue in the approach)
Farmer's decisions, opinions, critics (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Bottom-up maintained (gradually))
Incentives make it possible for land users to experiment with a new cultivation system (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Diversification of incentives: eg reduction in seed prices and herbicides for NTT farmers; award - NTT best producers; reduction in interest rates for NTT farmers (for credits or loans); special NTT training courses.)

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The NTT project has integrated several institutions -which is unique in Morocco. Now research, extension, community and farmers are working together towards the same objective (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Further develop, refine and spread NTT)
NGOs development: the association of NTT farmers and environmental clubs are important for spreading NTT and for re-enforcing the importance of NTT amongst government officers and decision makers (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: special NGOs should be encouraged to respect soils, nature, environment)
Cross-discipline: involving land users, research and extension agents has helped in building up an approach suitable for the local conditions. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The working teams received also incentives and recognictions)
research connected to extension (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: research should be developed to get continuous measurements/information and to search new indexes and means)
Progressive implementation of a 'bottom-up' approach; integration of farmers' decisions, opinions and criticisms (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Farmers and their association are involved gradually in the approach and their critics, comments, feedbacks respected)

6.5 Debilidades/ desventajas del Enfoque y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Information availability: up to now information and communication on NTT is scarce	intensify training of trainees
In some situations (farmers with very low incomes), the need for external inputs such as herbicides, seeds, fertilizers and drills may retard implementation of NTT	Incentives should be maintained for a short period and supplemented by credit systems.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Direct incentives: there is always a risk that when eliminating these incentives, farmers will abandon NTT	Eliminate incentives gradually and replace with loans and credits.
The programme's duration is currently too short to overcome resistance (to new technology adoption) and to address economic constraints of farmers	A long term programme is needed to increase acceptance among farmers.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Referencias a publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Wall et al, 2002, Institutional aspects of conservation agriculture, International workshop on conservation agriculture for sustainable wheat production, 14-18, october 2002, Tastikent, Usbekistan

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

p.wall@cgiar.org

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Segry, L.; Bouzinac, S and Pieri, C. 1991: An Approach to the development of sustainable farming systems. World echnical papaer N-2, ISBRAM proceedings 1991