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Enfoques
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Early Warning Message Dissemination [Bangladesh]

বন্যা পূর্ব-সতর্কবার্তা প্রচার (Bonna Purbo-Satarkabarta Prochar)

approaches_649 - Bangladesh

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación del Enfoque

Persona(s) de referencia clave/s

Project staff:

Mustafa Golam

+880 1718770373 / +880 1730799762

pmdrrwash16@gmail.com

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Project Manager, DRRWASH Project O⌀ਈce, Shukhsantir Bazar, Dhanghora, Gaibandha, Bangladesh

Bangladesh

Project staff:

Razzak Abdur

+880 1730 799763 / +880 1730 799763

razzak.pe@gmail.com

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Project Engineer, DRRWASH Project O⌀ਈce, Shukhsantir Bazar, Dhanghora, Gaibandha, Bangladesh

Bangladesh

Project staff:

Islam Saiful

+880 1730 799746 / +880 1730 799746

saiful644@gmail.com

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Field Officer DRR and Training, DRRWASH Project O⌀ਈce, Shukhsantir Bazar, Dhanghora, Gaibandha, Bangladesh

Bangladesh

Nombre del proyecto que facilitó la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque (si fuera relevante)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)
Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - Suiza

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

04/10/2016

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT :

1.4 Referencia/s al/los Cuestionario(s) de Tecnologías MST

2. Descripción del Enfoque MST

2.1 Breve descripción del Enfoque

Early warning systems are an essential element in building resilience through effective disaster preparedness and risk mitigation: an effective system for dissemination of early warning messages was established among the vulnerable communities in Chars (riverine sandy islands) of Gaibandha district in order to strengthen their coping mechanisms and reduce loss and damage caused by floods.

2.2 Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST

Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST:

The key characteristics entail linking the intervention units at community level with national and sub-national early warning systems. It also consists of developing the capacity of the local government institutions and organised communities to not only disseminate early warning but to effectively respond to floods. The approach seeks to build upon existing local capacities and systems both in terms of dissemination of early warning and effective response. Merely installing an early warning system is not sufficient to equip communities to cope with recurrent floods; it needs to be linked to broader aspects of disaster preparedness and increased response capacity.
The vulnerability and capacity assessment (VCA) is the basis of all measures oriented at reducing disaster risks. The VCA was carried out with the involvement of local stakeholders, especially the target communities, to understand the vulnerabilities and risks associated with floods as well as to gain insight on existing capacities and capacity gaps that needed to be addressed. The process resulted in a risk reduction action plan which was to be jointly implemented by the target community and local government.
The risk reduction plan pointed to the need of having in place a mix of structural, management and contingency measures. This involved linking local, sub-national and national early warning systems, developing contingency and evacuation plans supported by establishment of safe places where people could move during floods. The risk reduction plan also highlighted the need to support household level protection measures - structurally this meant raising household plinth levels above flood levels. In addition, local early warning system was established through installation of flood markers/pillars, and warning flags at key sites. Capacities were built to internalise, monitor and consequently respond to evolving local flood situation. Building communication channels that linked the local institutions to higher level flood forecasting system resulted in streamlining information from source to destination.

2.3 Fotos del Enfoque

Comentarios generales sobre las fotos:

Approach of Early Warning System in DRRWASH project area in Gaibandha district.

2.4 Videos del Enfoque

Comentarios, descripción breve:

Video on Flood 2015 in the DRRWASH project area in Gaibandha including early warning intervention, in Bangla, link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os4ZgSMMVyg

Fecha:

25/10/2015

Lugar:

Gaibandha

Nombre del videógrafo:

Tuhin Samaddar and Vabotosh Karmakar

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde el Enfoque fue aplicado

País:

Bangladesh

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

North-Bengal

Especifique más el lugar :

Kamarjani and Mollar Char union in Sadar Upazila and Haldia union in Shaghata Upazila of Gaibandha District

Comentarios:

The entire intervention area is divided into 261 clusters. In each cluster, one local volunteer (YRT) has been nominated for preparedness and response operation. 30 Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC) are actively monitoring the process under the guidance of three Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC).

2.6 Fechas de inicio y conclusión del Enfoque

Indique año del inicio:

2013

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada en la que se inició el Enfoque:

hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

Comentarios:

N/A

2.7 Tipo de Enfoque

  • proyecto/ basado en un programa

2.8 Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

To promote resilient communities through improved flood preparedness that reduces loss and damage of vulnerable people's lives and protects their livelihoods in the chars of Gaibandha district.

2.9 Condiciones que facilitan o impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

normas y valores sociales/ culturales/ religiosos
  • facilitan

The intervention built upon traditional coping mechanisms and indigenous systems of disaster risk management. The blending of the traditional and indigenous practices with contemporary knowledge and preparedness practices acted as drivers in terms of choice and adoption of technologies.

  • impiden

In earlier phases of the intervention, the cultural norm of not abandoning one's household even in extreme crisis hindered timely access to emergency infrastructure.

disponibilidad/ acceso a recursos y servicios financieros
  • facilitan

The DRR intervention facilitated leveraging of institutional financial resources (Local government budget) and secured cost contribution from target communities.

  • impiden

Lack of adequate capacities and resources with local government.

entorno institucional
  • facilitan

The Disaster Management Act and Standing Orders on Disaster of the Govt. of Bangladesh provides for a decentralised disaster management institutional setting from the central level to the local level.

  • impiden

In principle a decentralised disaster management structure is in place but due to operational and financial constraints they are unable to perform their mandated function.

colaboración/ coordinación de actores
  • facilitan

The initiative built a good coordination with state actors at various levels. From time to time it was also able to secure collaboration from non-state actors around specific thematic areas.

  • impiden

Harmonisation of disaster centred initiatives is a time consuming process and very often does not lead to collaborations that harness existing synergies.

marco de trabajo legal (tenencia de tierra, derechos de uso de tierra y agua)
  • facilitan

Disaster Management Act, 2012 provides the legal framework for disaster risk management in Bangladesh.

políticas
  • facilitan

A set of policies supports the Disaster Management Act. Government's standing orders on disaster clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of various ministries, line agencies, local govt., mandated committees and other non-state actors in disaster risk management.

  • impiden

Policy enforcement across sectors remains weak in Bangladesh.

gobernanza de tierras (toma de decisiones, implementación y aplicación)
  • facilitan

Traditional rights to land are still accepted in Chars of Bangladesh .

  • impiden

Land ownership is complex in Chars given its unstable nature due to high vulnerability to river erosion. Elite capture of land is overwhelmingly practiced in the Chars.

conocimiento de MST, acceso a apoyo técnico
  • facilitan

Early warning systems have strengthened land management practices.

  • impiden

River erosion threats strongly disincentivise investment in SLM.

mercados (para comprar insumos, vender productos) y precios
  • impiden

Market forces are yet to develop properly in Chars which are by nature isolated geographical units, accessed only through time consuming and expensive transportation means.

carga de trabajo, disponibilidad de mano de obra
  • facilitan

Higher productivity of land in Chars allow for lower labour engagement in agriculture.

  • impiden

Disaster and higher profitability in mainland drives migration leading to labour shortages.

3. Participación y roles de las partes interesadas involucradas

3.1 Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

  • organizaciones comunitarias

Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC)

The VDMC is the key actor to perform disaster risk reduction activities in the communities. This covers supporting the conduct of VCA and developing their action plans based on VCA findings. The operationalisation of the plans is anchored in the VDMC and so is leveraging cooperation and collaboration from local government. The VDMC also acts as first responder and as custodian responsible for O&M of built emergency and health infrastructure. Assessing community needs, beneficiary selection, contribution collection and financial management of hardware are their other key responsibilities.

  • profesores/ niños en edad escolar/ estudiantes

Youth Response Team (YRT) members

YRT has been developed to promote volunteerism. Their main role is to support response and recovery operations during and after disaster. They are especially trained in Search & Rescue. As they are located in the community, YRTs actively engage in early warning dissemination.

  • sector privado

Enterpreneur of Union Digital Center

The lowest level of local government, the Union Parishad (UP), has a Digital Center to render ICT services to communities. These are run by local entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs are responsible for monitoring flood forecasts on the internet and updating the UP and CBOs on evolving flood situation. By analysing and interpreting relevant information they play a key role in catalysing the early warning system.

  • gobierno local

Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC)

The UDMC disseminates forecasts, warnings, and advisories locally. It also performs a lead role in response and recovery operations.

Si varias partes interesadas estuvieron involucradas, indique la agencia principal:

UDMC

3.2 Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque
Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales Especifique quién se involucró y describa las actividades
iniciación/ motivación interactivo Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs and Local Government Institutions (UDMC) Activities : Baseline survey, formation of CBOs, reformation of UDMC, VCA and volunteer selection
planificación interactivo Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs and Local Government Activities: preparation of risk reduction action plan, preparation of evacuation plan along with route map, contingency plan development, planning of emergency and health infrastructure, Early Warning Systems (EWS) planning
implementación interactivo Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs and Local Government Activities: Establish Early Warning System, emergency infrastructure, access infrastructure (wooden bridge, roads, etc.), household infrastructure
monitoreo y evaluación auto-movilización Key Actors: VDMC/CBOs, Local and Sub-national Government Activities: Developing Quality Assurance System, Community Review Meeting, Site visits/physical verification, quality and financial audit, survey and spot checks,
Initiation auto-movilización Ket Actors: VDMC/CBOs, Local Government and Private Sector: Activities: O&M of built infrastructure and Sanitation Marketing

3.3 Flujograma (si estuviera disponible)

Descripción:

The flow chart explains application of the EWS and clarifies local linkages with national flood forecasting and warning centre (FFWC)

Autor:

Tuhin Samaddar

3.4 La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología(s) MST

Especifique quién decidió la selección de las Tecnología/ Tecnologías a implementarse:
  • todos los actores relevantes, como parte de un enfoque participativo
Explique:

Since participatory approach has been adopted to examine vulnerabilities and capacities, the approach and technology choice to address risk and vulnerabilities was collectively decided.

Especifique las bases que sustentaron la toma de decisiones:
  • hallazgos de investigaciones
  • la experiencia personal y opiniones (no documentadas)
  • Government policies and mandates

4. Apoyo técnico, fortalecimiento institucional y gestión del conocimiento

4.1 Construcción de capacidades / capacitación

¿Se proporcionó la capacitación a usuarios de tierras/ otras partes interesadas?

Especifique quién fue capacitado:
  • usuarios de tierras
  • personal de campo/ consejeros
  • Anser-VDP (Village Defence Party) member
Forma de capacitación:
  • áreas de demostración
  • reuniones públicas
  • cursos
Temas avanzados:

Several training courses and workshops were organised on disaster preparedness and response:
1. Early Warning System (for UDMC/VDMC/ Anser-VDP/YRT/VCRP/Staff): Disaster context in Bangladesh, techniques to identify water levels against standardised danger levels, determining flood intensity by observing pillars and flags, dissemination strategies for early warning messages among the community, and role of stakeholders to warning message dissemination.
2. Evacuation Plan (for VDMC/YRT/VCRP): Response operation, preparing checklist for response, preparing risk and resource map, information collection and analysis, preparing route maps, and roles and responsibilities of respective stakeholders in effectuating evacuation plan
3. Response Plan (for UDMC): Importance of response plan, ke constituents of preparedness and response, interpretation of Early Warning information from FFWC, creating contingency fund, search and rescue, emergency relief and first aid, identifying safe exit route and transportation, damage assessment, launching control room, involving existing manpower and resources in the community and other organisation, and prepositioning of rescue equipments.

Comentarios:

609 VDMC/UDMC members were trained on various DRR topics. 255 local youth volunteers (YRT/VCRP) were also trained on early warning message dissemination, flood forecast interpretation, preparing evacuation plan and route map.
4 mock drill demonstration events were conducted by local government in which 276 community members participated. Refresher training was also organised for newly elected union parishad members on their broad mandate with specific reference to their roles and responsibilities in disaster risk management.

4.2 Servicio de asesoría

¿Los usuarios de tierras tienen acceso a un servicio de asesoría?

No

4.3 Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)

¿Se establecieron o fortalecieron instituciones mediante el Enfoque?
  • sí, mucho
Especifique el nivel o los niveles en los que se fortalecieron o establecieron las instituciones:
  • local
  • regional
Describa la institución, roles y responsabilidades, miembros, etc.

CBOs/Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC)- on an average each CBO/VDMC has 17 members. Their roles and responsibilities entail assessments, beneficiary selection, developing and implementing RRAPs with special focus on disaster preparedness and response. A key function entails their engagement in EWS and planning and implementation of emergency and health infrastructure, shelter protection, and creating access infrastructure. O&M of all built assets and infrastructure is their responsibility.

Local Government/UDMC: on average it has a 36 members. Standing orders on disaster of the government defines their roles and responsibilities which covers the entire gamut of functions associated with disaster risk management at the local level. Strengthening preparedness and leading effective response is critical to their mandate.

Especifique el tipo de apoyo:
  • construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento
  • equipo
Proporcione detalles adicionales:

Megaphone, stretcher, Lifejacket, Lifebuoy, Torchlight, Raincoat, Gumboot, Rope and First aid box are some of the equipments that have been given. Further, the YRTs have received whistle, umbrella and apron for early response operation

4.4 Monitoreo y evaluación

¿El monitoreo y la evaluación forman parte del Enfoque?

Comentarios:

A joint monitoring team has been formed comprising representative of CBOs, local government and project staff.

Si respondió que sí, ¿la documentación se utilizará para monitoreo y evaluación?

No

4.5 Investigación

¿La investigación formó parte del Enfoque?

No

5. Financiamiento y apoyo material externo

5.1 Presupuesto anual para el componente MST del Enfoque

Indique el presupuesto anual para el componente del MST del Enfoque (en US$):

10384,00

Si no se conoce el presupuesto anual preciso, indique el rango:
  • 10,000-100,000
Comentarios (ej. fuentes principales de financiamiento/ donantes principales):

Swiss Red Cross

Above mentioned amount is for the Early Warning System Implementation approach only

5.2 Apoyo financiero/material proporcionado a los usuarios de tierras

¿Los usuarios de tierras recibieron financiamiento/ apoyo material para implementar la Tecnología/ Tecnologías? :

No

5.3 Subsidios para insumos específicos (incluyendo mano de obra)

  • ninguno
 
Si la mano de obra de usuarios de tierras fue un insumo sustancial, ¿fue:
  • voluntario?
Comentarios:

All actions related to dissemination of early warning were performed on a voluntary basis.

5.4 Crédito

¿Se proporcionó crédito bajo el Enfoque para actividades MST?

No

5.5 Otros incentivos o instrumentos

¿Se usaron otros incentivos o instrumentos para promover la implementación de Tecnologías MST?

No

6. Análisis de impacto y comentarios de conclusión

6.1 Impactos del Enfoque

¿El Enfoque empoderó a los usuarios locales de tierras, mejoró el involucramiento de las partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The participation of all local stakeholders, especially women, has improved considerably.

¿El Enfoque facilitó la toma de decisiones basada en evidencia?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The decision making especially with regard to effectiveness and quality of approach and technologies has been determined by the evidence on the ground.

¿El Enfoque ayudó a los usuarios de tierras a implementar y mantener Tecnologías MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Since the implementation of technologies and maintenance of built infrastructure has been largely user led, it has improved their capacity to do the same.

¿El Enfoque movilizó/mejoró el acceso a recursos financieros para implementar MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

User contribution and govt. contribution was a mandatory component of the project which led to mobilisation of resources that supplemented project resources.

¿El Enfoque mejoró el conocimiento y capacidades de otras partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Implementation of well designed capacity building plan cognizant of the needs of diverse stakeholders has improved the knowledge and capacities of relevant stakeholders.

¿El Enfoque construyó/ fortaleció instituciones, colaboración entre partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

the central element of the approach has been to ensure sustainability of benefits which cannot be attained without strong institutions collaborating around DRM work. Thus, the approach led to improved collaboration between stakeholders and strengthened institutions.

¿El Enfoque mitigó conflictos?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The approach is based on conflict sensitive programme management. This allowed for pro-active identification of conflicts and tensions followed by measures aimed at their mitigation.

¿El Enfoque empoderó a grupos en desventaja social y económica?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The extreme poor and socially disadvantaged were especially targeted by the disaster preparedness approach

¿El Enfoque mejoró la equidad de género y empoderó a las mujeres y niñas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Though significant improvements are there as women and girls are much more aware about disaster preparedness in general and flood response in particular, there remains room for further improvement.

¿El Enfoque llevó a un acceso mejorado a tierra y saneamiento?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

As part of strengthening preparedness to health hazards, WASH infrastructure set up by the project has greatly improved access to water and sanitation

¿El Enfoque mejoró la capacidad de los usuarios de tierras a adaptarse a los cambios climáticos/ extemos y mitigar desastres relacionados al clima?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Strengthened DRM capacities include improved climate adaptation and capacities to mitigate climate induced disasters.

6.2 Motivación principal del usuario de la tierra para implementar MST

  • reducción del riesgo de desastres naturales

Early warning system helps people prepare and act before the water level crosses danger level (which denotes the settlement is at risk of inundation)

6.3 Sostenibilidad de las actividades del Enfoque

¿Pueden los usuarios de tierras sostener lo que se implementó mediante el Enfoque (sin apoyo externo)?
Si respondió que sí, describa cómo:

Union Digital Center is an information hub that exists in the union where people have easy access. The technology is simple and the approach is easy to understand and has already benefited the targeted community. The anchoring of preparedness in general and EWS in particular in local government and its rolling out in collaboration with communities imparts high probability of sustainability to disaster preparedness measures. During the project cycle, two flood events of significant magnitude have tested the approach and technology and resulted in tangible benefits for the community. At the same time since sustainability considerations are inbuilt in project design and have guided the implementation of the approach and technology, the likelihood of their sustainability is very strong.

6.4 Fortalezas/ ventajas del Enfoque

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Strengths:
- A trained group of volunteer is available in the community
- Response equipments are in place and ready to use if and when needed
- EWS facilitates people's timely access and movement to appropriate emergency infrastructure and protected shelters
Advantages:
- Rapid evacuation, especially for physically challenged, children and elderly people, and cattle
- Crops are saved due to timely action related to sowing and harvesting.
- Means of preparedness, such as boat, banana raft, portable cooker, firewood, ORS, dry food can be collected beforehand
Opportunities:
- Balanced representation of community in govt. mandated disaster committees
- Coordination/ communication with development actors and local govt./union parishad is more forthcoming
Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Strengths:
- Sustainability dimensions have been well considered and applied in adopted approach and technologies
- Strengthened community institutions are in place to address DRM issues, especially those related preparedness and response mechanisms
Advantages:
- Community and local government interface has been strengthened to devise appropriate DM solutions
- Decisions on preparedness approach and attendant technologies are taken collectively by stakeholders
Opportunities:
- A replicable model of EWS, emergency and access infrastructure has been established

6.5 Debilidades/ desventajas del Enfoque y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
- Long term maintenance of response equipments - UDMC should play custodian's role
- Local people should contribute towards recurrent cost
Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
- Replicability of the model might be difficult due to lack of funds and functionaries available with local government. - Support local government in negotiating more resources from higher levels of governance and administration.
- Build capacity of local government to utilise resources efficiently and effectively.

7. Referencias y vínculos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

  • entrevistas con usuarios de tierras

15 - Key Informant Interview (KII)
2- Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

  • entrevistas con especialistas/ expertos en MST

4

  • compilación de informes y otra documentación existente

6

7.2 Referencias a publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Three VCA Reports published by UDMC with support of DRRWASH project

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Flood Forecasting & Warning Centre (FFWC), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), SOD

URL:

http://www.ffwc.gov.bd/#, http://ddm.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/ddm.portal.gov.bd/page/a3f4cc27_7f7d_4c2b_a1b0_166fe6bef73b/udmc.pdf

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