1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación del Enfoque

Nombre del proyecto que facilitó la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque (si fuera relevante)

Southern African Science Service Centre for climate change and Adaptive Land management (SASSCAL)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)

Conservation Agriculture Namibia (Conservation Agriculture Namibia) - Namibia

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)

Zakumuka Producers Co-operative (Zakumuka Producers Co-operative) - Namibia

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

2017

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT :

Sí

1.4 Referencia/s al/los Cuestionario(s) de Tecnologías MST

2.1 Breve descripción del Enfoque

Facilitation of agreement among community members to jointly manage their communal grazing area by combining their livestock into a single herd to be driven to different portions of the grazing area. This is done in accordance with an agreed growing season plan that provides sufficient recovery for grazed grasses to reinvigorate themselves and a non-growing season plan to graze perennial grasses and prepare soil and plants for the upcoming growing season for regenerating rangeland productivity and well-being.

2.2 Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST

Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST:

The approach is a partnership between NGO, Ministries of Lands and Agriculture, National Farmers Union, traditional authorities and regional and local government. The NGO facilitates community members to recognise the damage caused to the rangeland by their individual herds of livestock grazing continuously on the same grass plants, and to appreciate the benefits that planned grazing can bring about. Farmers host facilitators on their land where the current state of the land is compared to that of the past and the reasons for the decline are investigated. Once farmers understand that all perennial grass plants need recovery and that continuous grazing depletes the root reserve, the land users soon conclude that it was their management that resulted in the loss of perennial grass and increase in bare ground. Once the root cause of the problem is established, the aim of the approach can be pursued, which is to regenerate rangeland productivity in the communal grazing area and thereby support higher production of livestock to in turn support livelihoods of the community. The focus on rangeland results from identifying and addressing the weakest link in the chain of production (converting sunlight to grass, or grass to meat, or meat to money) in a viable and upscalable manner. If motivation to apply planned grazing exists and there is sufficient cohesion among the community members, then their right to claim common property ownership of their grazing area needs to be established. In these pioneering communities this required at least 10 village level livestock owner meetings each to decide on the modalities of how to start planned grazing. These meetings continue after planned grazing has started to deal with ongoing planning as well as other aspects including animal production and marketing. Exposure visits to areas with successful grazing management helps to motivate community members. On returning home frequent follow-up meetings were facilitated by the same NGO and the Ministry of Agriculture to resolve local issues, which included overcoming traditional taboos, such as combining animals in one overnight kraal as well as whose bulls would be kept in the herd and how this would be managed. Boundaries with grazing areas of neighbouring communities need to be clearly mapped, recognised and respected by all. In case of grass poaching, the offender/s need to be swiftly and firmly dealt with, preferably through customary law. A grazing plan needs to be agreed upon by all livestock owners in the given grazing area, and endorsed by the local Traditional Authority. The Grazing Area (GA) is then mapped, while herders are appointed though agreement among all livestock owners. At night the cattle are kraaled nearby individual homesteads of their owners, where milking may take place and animals are attended to if necessary. In the morning, the appointed herders collect cattle from the different kraals (or joint kraal) and herd them to the designated portion of the grazing area for that day. Different portions of the grazing area are grazed from day to day and should not be returned to until the grazed grass has replenished its root reserves sufficiently, usually some months later. This was started at Erora in 2004, facilitated by the NGO, Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation (IRDNC). Implementation started in 2006, combining approximately 1200 cattle from 12 households. Farmers noticed a higher density of annual grasses after the first season, dramatic improvement in soil cover after 3 years with emergence of grass seedlings where none had grown on the hard-capped soil for decades. Then after three years, the farmers noticed the return of perennial grasses and increased biodiversity in many parts of the grazing area. However, when the extended drought started in 2011, planned grazing was interrupted and erosion gullies expanded into the grazing area, down which rainwater flowed off the landscape, thus dehydrating the rangelands. The drought lasted for five years, during which the planned grazing was temporarily discontinued in 2013. Instead, restoration work was initiated in 2014 by constructing bush filters at critical control points along key gullies, when facilitation was taken over by another NGO, Conservation Agriculture Namibia (CAN). After the region experienced successive years of severe drought and cattle in 2014 became too weak to be rounded up from all the kraals, the community members decided to revert to keeping cattle continuously near their homesteads. This had been intended as a temporary measure until surviving cattle gained sufficient strength to be rounded up from kraals and herded again, which only occurred in 2017. The communal grazing management approach was extended to other villages such as Outokototua and Nsindi in 2012, despite the drought. New boreholes were drilled and installed in all three areas to facilitate improved planned grazing.

2.3 Fotos del Enfoque

2.4 Videos del Enfoque

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde el Enfoque fue aplicado

2.6 Fechas de inicio y conclusión del Enfoque

2.7 Tipo de Enfoque

• Science informs the traditional practice

2.8 Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

To regenerate rangeland productivity for supporting livelihoods and improved quality of life.

2.9 Condiciones que facilitan o impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

3.1 Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

3.2 Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque

	Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales	Especifique quién se involucró y describa las actividades
iniciación/ motivación	interactivo	The community, with focus on livestock owners, youth, women and herders, under facilitation by NGO by conducting exchange visits to neighbouring countries
planificación	interactivo	Feedback was given to communities by participants of exchange visits, grazing committees appointed to contextualise and re-plan for the way forward under guidance of NGO, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF) and Namibia National Farmers Union (NNFU)
implementación	interactivo	The grazing committee, livestock owners and herders carry out the grazing plan with support of NGO, MAWF and NNFU
monitoreo y evaluación	interactivo	The grazing committee and livestock owners constantly plan and replan and evaluate results on livestock performance and rangeland and daily check where livestock have grazed and where they will graze next and feed results into re-planning. Annual assessments of forage in May, to determine stocking rate.
external assessment of data	apoyo externo	External assessment by researchers of data gathered by USDA through Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA)

3.3 Flujograma (si estuviera disponible)

3.4 La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología(s) MST

Especifique quién decidió la selección de las Tecnología/ Tecnologías a implementarse:

• principalmente usuarios de tierras con el apoyo de especialistas MST

Explique:

After exposure to sound management techniques and on farm identification and agreement on the root cause of the degradation – the farmers themselves decide if they will continue or not.

Especifique las bases que sustentaron la toma de decisiones:

• la evaluación de conocimiento MST bien documentado (la toma de decisiones se basa en evidencia)
• la experiencia personal y opiniones (no documentadas)

4.1 Construcción de capacidades / capacitación

¿Se proporcionó la capacitación a usuarios de tierras/ otras partes interesadas?

Sí

Especifique quién fue capacitado:

• usuarios de tierras
• personal de campo/ consejeros

• Ministry of Agriculture, Namibia National Farmers Union.

Si fuese relevante, también especifique género, edad, estatus, etnicidad, etc.

Inclusion of youth, women and herders

Forma de capacitación:

• en el contexto de trabajo
• de agricultor a agricultor
• reuniones públicas

Temas avanzados:

On farm(s) exploration of root cause of degradation based on how it was in the past and how it looks now and why this change has happened.

Comentarios:

A number of issues including: Rangeland management, focussing on the needs of grass plants and soil. Needs of herders, people and stakeholders and how these various needs can be met. Institutional support for grazing committee, focussing on budgeting and financial management.

4.2 Servicio de asesoría

¿Los usuarios de tierras tienen acceso a un servicio de asesoría?

Sí

Especifique si servicio proporcionado se realizó:

• en los campos de los usuarios de tierras

• Visits to successful farmers

Describa/ comentarios:

Mostly through exchange visits, community meetings, on farm excursions and on-the-job training.

4.3 Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)

¿Se establecieron o fortalecieron instituciones mediante el Enfoque?

• sí, mucho

Especifique el nivel o los niveles en los que se fortalecieron o establecieron las instituciones:

• local
• regional

Describa la institución, roles y responsabilidades, miembros, etc.

Grazing Committee guides and implements the grazing plans and support organisations including Ministry of Agriculture, Namibia National Farmers Union and NGOs provide support and advice.

Especifique el tipo de apoyo:

• construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento
• equipo

Proporcione detalles adicionales:

Exchange visits, facilitation of meetings and on-the-job training. Drilling and equipping of boreholes. Redesign of water supply for livestock and combined kraaling system.

4.4 Monitoreo y evaluación

¿El monitoreo y la evaluación forman parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Comentarios:

To support decision making

Si respondió que sí, ¿la documentación se utilizará para monitoreo y evaluación?

No

4.5 Investigación

¿La investigación formó parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Especifique los temas:

• sociología
• economía/ marketing
• ecología

Proporcione detalles adicionales e indique quién hizo la investigación:

USDA/IPA came to evaluate rangelands and consult key stakeholders

5.1 Presupuesto anual para el componente MST del Enfoque

Indique el presupuesto anual para el componente del MST del Enfoque (en US$):

10000,00

Si no se conoce el presupuesto anual preciso, indique el rango:

• 10,000-100,000

Comentarios (ej. fuentes principales de financiamiento/ donantes principales):

Major donor to initiate the project was Enagelica Entwikelins Diens (EED), through IRDNC and later funding came from the Millenium Challenge Account (MCA), the EU and now the Finnish Embassy through CAN. Cost is per grazing area for local level field facilitation.

5.2 Apoyo financiero/material proporcionado a los usuarios de tierras

¿Los usuarios de tierras recibieron financiamiento/ apoyo material para implementar la Tecnología/ Tecnologías? :

Sí

Si respondió sí, especifique el tipo o los tipos de apoyo, condiciones y proveedor(es) :

Upgrades of boreholes, drilling and equipping of new boreholes that are elephant proof and construction of lion proof kraaling was funded through the NGO.

5.3 Subsidios para insumos específicos (incluyendo mano de obra)

• mano de obra

• otro

Si la mano de obra de usuarios de tierras fue un insumo sustancial, ¿fue:

• pagado en efectivo?

Comentarios:

Only for first four years at one of the villages to enable proof of concept to be established

5.4 Crédito

¿Se proporcionó crédito bajo el Enfoque para actividades MST?

No

5.5 Otros incentivos o instrumentos

¿Se usaron otros incentivos o instrumentos para promover la implementación de Tecnologías MST?

No

6.1 Impactos del Enfoque

6.2 Motivación principal del usuario de la tierra para implementar MST

6.3 Sostenibilidad de las actividades del Enfoque

¿Pueden los usuarios de tierras sostener lo que se implementó mediante el Enfoque (sin apoyo externo)?

• sí

Si respondió que sí, describa cómo:

They mobilise themselves, appoint herders, do the implementation, do the planning jointly and, and only asking for some technical support

6.4 Fortalezas/ ventajas del Enfoque

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
By caring for the rangeland, farmers will have grass all year round and minimise effects of drought

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
It has proven to improve the resource base if applied properly
It is viable and upscalable
It has diverse benefits for the land user, including economic, social and environmental

6.5 Debilidades/ desventajas del Enfoque y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
If a new water point needs to be developed, then funds will be required	Convince land users that by selling one or a few cattle to invest in a new water point, they will realise the returns from increased productivity within a few years

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The herding is hard work, the status of herders is perceived to be low and they are poorly compensated.	Convince livestock owners that they can adequately afford to compensate the herders. Start national and regional vocational training in herding, grazing management, low-stress handling, animal health, rangeland management, water management and financial and farm management

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Referencias a publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Global case studies of grazing in nature’s image, Jim Howell, 2008, 1-4392-1610-X

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

www.booksuge.com

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Community based rangeland and livestock management

URL:

https://rmportal.net/groups/cbrlm/cbrlm-for-review/namibia-community-based-rangeland-livestock-management-cbrlm-2nd-edition/view