1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Southern African Science Service Centre for climate change and Adaptive Land management (SASSCAL)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Conservation Agriculture Namibia (Conservation Agriculture Namibia) - Namíbia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Zakumuka Producers Co-operative (Zakumuka Producers Co-operative) - Namíbia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

2017

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Facilitation of agreement among community members to jointly manage their communal grazing area by combining their livestock into a single herd to be driven to different portions of the grazing area. This is done in accordance with an agreed growing season plan that provides sufficient recovery for grazed grasses to reinvigorate themselves and a non-growing season plan to graze perennial grasses and prepare soil and plants for the upcoming growing season for regenerating rangeland productivity and well-being.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

The approach is a partnership between NGO, Ministries of Lands and Agriculture, National Farmers Union, traditional authorities and regional and local government. The NGO facilitates community members to recognise the damage caused to the rangeland by their individual herds of livestock grazing continuously on the same grass plants, and to appreciate the benefits that planned grazing can bring about. Farmers host facilitators on their land where the current state of the land is compared to that of the past and the reasons for the decline are investigated. Once farmers understand that all perennial grass plants need recovery and that continuous grazing depletes the root reserve, the land users soon conclude that it was their management that resulted in the loss of perennial grass and increase in bare ground. Once the root cause of the problem is established, the aim of the approach can be pursued, which is to regenerate rangeland productivity in the communal grazing area and thereby support higher production of livestock to in turn support livelihoods of the community. The focus on rangeland results from identifying and addressing the weakest link in the chain of production (converting sunlight to grass, or grass to meat, or meat to money) in a viable and upscalable manner. If motivation to apply planned grazing exists and there is sufficient cohesion among the community members, then their right to claim common property ownership of their grazing area needs to be established. In these pioneering communities this required at least 10 village level livestock owner meetings each to decide on the modalities of how to start planned grazing. These meetings continue after planned grazing has started to deal with ongoing planning as well as other aspects including animal production and marketing. Exposure visits to areas with successful grazing management helps to motivate community members. On returning home frequent follow-up meetings were facilitated by the same NGO and the Ministry of Agriculture to resolve local issues, which included overcoming traditional taboos, such as combining animals in one overnight kraal as well as whose bulls would be kept in the herd and how this would be managed. Boundaries with grazing areas of neighbouring communities need to be clearly mapped, recognised and respected by all. In case of grass poaching, the offender/s need to be swiftly and firmly dealt with, preferably through customary law. A grazing plan needs to be agreed upon by all livestock owners in the given grazing area, and endorsed by the local Traditional Authority. The Grazing Area (GA) is then mapped, while herders are appointed though agreement among all livestock owners. At night the cattle are kraaled nearby individual homesteads of their owners, where milking may take place and animals are attended to if necessary. In the morning, the appointed herders collect cattle from the different kraals (or joint kraal) and herd them to the designated portion of the grazing area for that day. Different portions of the grazing area are grazed from day to day and should not be returned to until the grazed grass has replenished its root reserves sufficiently, usually some months later. This was started at Erora in 2004, facilitated by the NGO, Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation (IRDNC). Implementation started in 2006, combining approximately 1200 cattle from 12 households. Farmers noticed a higher density of annual grasses after the first season, dramatic improvement in soil cover after 3 years with emergence of grass seedlings where none had grown on the hard-capped soil for decades. Then after three years, the farmers noticed the return of perennial grasses and increased biodiversity in many parts of the grazing area. However, when the extended drought started in 2011, planned grazing was interrupted and erosion gullies expanded into the grazing area, down which rainwater flowed off the landscape, thus dehydrating the rangelands. The drought lasted for five years, during which the planned grazing was temporarily discontinued in 2013. Instead, restoration work was initiated in 2014 by constructing bush filters at critical control points along key gullies, when facilitation was taken over by another NGO, Conservation Agriculture Namibia (CAN). After the region experienced successive years of severe drought and cattle in 2014 became too weak to be rounded up from all the kraals, the community members decided to revert to keeping cattle continuously near their homesteads. This had been intended as a temporary measure until surviving cattle gained sufficient strength to be rounded up from kraals and herded again, which only occurred in 2017. The communal grazing management approach was extended to other villages such as Outokototua and Nsindi in 2012, despite the drought. New boreholes were drilled and installed in all three areas to facilitate improved planned grazing.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

2.4 Vídeos da abordagem

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

• Science informs the traditional practice

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

To regenerate rangeland productivity for supporting livelihoods and improved quality of life.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Participativo	The community, with focus on livestock owners, youth, women and herders, under facilitation by NGO by conducting exchange visits to neighbouring countries
Planejamento	Participativo	Feedback was given to communities by participants of exchange visits, grazing committees appointed to contextualise and re-plan for the way forward under guidance of NGO, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF) and Namibia National Farmers Union (NNFU)
Implementação	Participativo	The grazing committee, livestock owners and herders carry out the grazing plan with support of NGO, MAWF and NNFU
Monitoramento/avaliação	Participativo	The grazing committee and livestock owners constantly plan and replan and evaluate results on livestock performance and rangeland and daily check where livestock have grazed and where they will graze next and feed results into re-planning. Annual assessments of forage in May, to determine stocking rate.
external assessment of data	Apoio externo	External assessment by researchers of data gathered by USDA through Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA)

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

• Principalmente usuários da terra, apoiados por especialistas em GST

Explique:

After exposure to sound management techniques and on farm identification and agreement on the root cause of the degradation – the farmers themselves decide if they will continue or not.

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:

• Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
• Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

• Usuários de terra
• Equipe de campo/consultores

• Ministry of Agriculture, Namibia National Farmers Union.

Caso seja relevante, especifique gênero, idade, status, etnia, etc.

Inclusion of youth, women and herders

Tipo de formação:

• Em exercício
• Agricultor para agricultor
• Reuniões públicas

Assuntos abordados:

On farm(s) exploration of root cause of degradation based on how it was in the past and how it looks now and why this change has happened.

Comentários:

A number of issues including: Rangeland management, focussing on the needs of grass plants and soil. Needs of herders, people and stakeholders and how these various needs can be met. Institutional support for grazing committee, focussing on budgeting and financial management.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:

• nas áreas dos usuários da terra

• Visits to successful farmers

Descreva/comentários:

Mostly through exchange visits, community meetings, on farm excursions and on-the-job training.

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

• Sim, significativamente

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

• Local
• Regional

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Grazing Committee guides and implements the grazing plans and support organisations including Ministry of Agriculture, Namibia National Farmers Union and NGOs provide support and advice.

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

• Reforço das capacidades/formação
• Equipamento

Dê mais detalhes:

Exchange visits, facilitation of meetings and on-the-job training. Drilling and equipping of boreholes. Redesign of water supply for livestock and combined kraaling system.

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

To support decision making

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Não

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:

• Sociologia
• Economia/Marketing
• Ecologia

Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

USDA/IPA came to evaluate rangelands and consult key stakeholders

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Indique o orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem em US$:

10000,00

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

• 10.000-100.000

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Major donor to initiate the project was Enagelica Entwikelins Diens (EED), through IRDNC and later funding came from the Millenium Challenge Account (MCA), the EU and now the Finnish Embassy through CAN. Cost is per grazing area for local level field facilitation.

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique tipo(s) de apoio, condições e fornecedor(es):

Upgrades of boreholes, drilling and equipping of new boreholes that are elephant proof and construction of lion proof kraaling was funded through the NGO.

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

• Mão-de-obra

• Outro

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:

• Pago em dinheiro

Comentários:

Only for first four years at one of the villages to enable proof of concept to be established

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

5.5 Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Foram utilizados outros incentivos ou instrumentos para promover a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Não

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

• Sim

Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

They mobilise themselves, appoint herders, do the implementation, do the planning jointly and, and only asking for some technical support

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
By caring for the rangeland, farmers will have grass all year round and minimise effects of drought

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
It has proven to improve the resource base if applied properly
It is viable and upscalable
It has diverse benefits for the land user, including economic, social and environmental

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
If a new water point needs to be developed, then funds will be required	Convince land users that by selling one or a few cattle to invest in a new water point, they will realise the returns from increased productivity within a few years

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The herding is hard work, the status of herders is perceived to be low and they are poorly compensated.	Convince livestock owners that they can adequately afford to compensate the herders. Start national and regional vocational training in herding, grazing management, low-stress handling, animal health, rangeland management, water management and financial and farm management

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Global case studies of grazing in nature’s image, Jim Howell, 2008, 1-4392-1610-X

Disponível de onde? Custos?

www.booksuge.com

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

Community based rangeland and livestock management

URL:

https://rmportal.net/groups/cbrlm/cbrlm-for-review/namibia-community-based-rangeland-livestock-management-cbrlm-2nd-edition/view