1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Ngara District Council (Ngara District Council) - Tanzania, República Unida de

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

This is a practice of fish farming whereby farmers excavate ponds ,fill in fresh water,stock-in fish fingerings and manage them to mature or marketable size

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Select a suitable area/site with permanent water source or alongside the flowing river/stream preferably with a clay soil and excavate a suitable sized pond(30mx20m)and a depth of 1,5-2m at the upper and lower side respectively. A crib of 4 m2 for application of manure is constructed using short tree poles at the shallow portion of the pond before filling in water and introducing fish fingerings

Purpose of the Technology: The crib provides an area where Farm yard manure or compost is put to decompose and thereby stimulate the growth of fish foods (phytoplanktons).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: ESTABLISHMENT
-Selection of suitable area and pegging to required size/area
-Excavations to suitable depth
-Dig inlet canal from the water source through the shallow side and outlet canal from the deeper portion of the pond back to the main stream (Alternatively use small metal pipes,bamboo or plastic pipes for inlets and outlets)
-Compact the embankment and stabilize soil by planting suitable grass species such as vetiva spp etc
-Cut 2.5m long strong poles and construct a crib for manure application
-Spread manure at the bottom of the pond and wait for weeds growth (normally 2 weeks)
-Fill in water and stock in fingerings( 1 fingering per sq meter)
-Protect the pond by fencing preferably planting around live fence trees such as Dovyalis caffra,Pthecelobium dulce etc
MAINTANANCE
-Regular cleaning of the pond,and weeding the sorounding environment
-Feeeding with extra foods such as rice/maize brun,rice husks,chopped vegetables,pumpkins and potatoes etc
-Weekly application of farm yard manure or compost(1 tin 15-20 kg) by putting and tying by hanging a sac full in a crib.
-Shaking once daily the hanging sac while in water to release nutrients

Natural / human environment: The pond site should be easily accesible and where possible near homesteads for security purpose
-Harvesting may done by draining the water from the pond, using a seine net,and catch the desired size of fish while returning the young fish to continue growing
In good pond management/feeding farmers are able to harvest every after six months

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

fish farming in Ngara has been supported since the 1980s by UNICEF,DRDPS and recently by DANIDA through NGOs(REDESO and TCRS)

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): -less utilisation of wetlands resources to contribute in improving (livelihood) nutrition and groups/huosehold income
-some fish species (larvifish)may be stocked in ponds to feed on diseases vectors such as mosquitoe larva and reduce malaria incidences

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): To obtain fish for food and surplus harvest for income

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: farmers cultivate small plots of vegetables,sweet potatoes in valleys near fish ponds and chop them to supplement fish meals

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: October to January; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• apicultura, acuacultura, avicultura, cunicultura, sericicultura, etc.

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.06 ha.

The group owns a fish pond of size 30mx20m in a wetland located in Kasulo village and is stocked with Tilapia spp fingerings

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary measures: management measures

Specification of other agronomic measures: water storage for fish culture

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bh: loss of habitats

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (over exploitation of fish in natural water bodies)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Causing siltation,flooding of already constructed fish ponds), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (blocking of water channels, ponds due to mud)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Fish pond fertilization with manure using a crib

Location: yyy village. Ngara District Council/Tanzania

Date: 15 May 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Once the fishpond is established,the extension kit requires regular monitoring for improvement of fish feeds and outbreak of diseases which are relatively few compared to other livestocks such as pok)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Following the fish pond manual developed by the district is simple with regard to pond management and feeding regimes)

Main technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: cowdung
Quantity/ density: 50 kgs
Remarks: applied in crib once weekly per pond

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 300
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): seedlings
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.1

Grass species: vetiva planted to stablise pond embarkments

Dam/ pan/ pond
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 20
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 30

Reshaping surface
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2

Construction material (earth): The pond has the deeper side 1.5m and shallower side 1.0m,with the top earth compacted 2m wide

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Wetlands were marginally used only for dry season agriculture and some vegatable growing-now aquaculture intergration adding productive value to it

Control / change of species composition: Most farmers preferered Tilapia nilotica for stocking in fishponds,phytoplanktons growth promoted

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por unidad de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Tanzania shilling

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

1600,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Buying of vetiva	Vegetativas	during the rains
2.	Planting of vetiva on embarkments	Vegetativas	during rains
3.	Allignment and layout of pond	Estructurales	before rains
4.	Excavation of the pond	Estructurales	before rains
5.	Raising embarkments,compaction construction inlets and outlets	Estructurales	before rains
6.	Collect cow dung	Agronómicas
7.	Purchase fish fingerings	Agronómicas
8.	Purchase tools	Agronómicas

Comentarios:

Lifespan of dung, fish fingerings and tools: 3 years

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Planting of vetiva on embarkments	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Mano de obra	Allignment and layout of pond	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	50,0
Mano de obra	Excavation of the pond	persons/day	120,0	1,88	225,6	100,0
Mano de obra	Raising embarkments,compaction construction inlets and outlets	persons/day	3,0	1,25	3,75	100,0
Equipo	Fish fingerings	pieces	1000,0	0,06	60,0	20,0
Equipo	Tools	pieces	4,0	12,5	50,0	20,0
Equipo	Vetiva	pieces	300,0	0,16666	50,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Cowdung	kg	50,0	1,25	62,5	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					456,85

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 4 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Application of cowdung	Agronómicas	weekly
2.	Application of extra feeds	Agronómicas	fortnight
3.	Clean weeding	Agronómicas	monthly
4.	Trimming the live fence,weeding and monitoring	Vegetativas	dry seson
5.	Repairing of walls	Estructurales	after heavy storms
6.	Management of fingerings -monitoring of growth,control of overpopulation	Manejo	monthly
7.	Cowdung application and manipulation for nutrients release	Manejo	weekly

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Clean weeding	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Mano de obra	Trimming the live fence,weeding and monitoring	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Mano de obra	Repairing of walls	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Mano de obra	Management of fingerings	persons/day	4,0	1,6	6,4	100,0
Equipo	Extra feeds (maize and ricebran)	kg	10,0	1,88	18,8	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Cowdung	kg	50,0	1,25	62,5	100,0
Otros	Labour: Cowdung application and manipulation for nutrients release	persons/day	1,0	1,25	1,25	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					96,45

Comentarios:

the costs are calculated per fish pond of size 20m width,30m length and depth 1.5m

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

labour especially during excavations(establishment phase)
cowdung when the land user buys instead of obtaining from the homestead/kraal

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• situaciones cóncavas

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked 1, loamy to heavy clayey basement) and moderately deep (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1), low (ranked 2) and high (ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is medium (ranked 1) and high (ranked 2)
Soil drainage / infiltration is poor and retains water in pond permanently, but medium in severe dry spell and water level decrease to half pond depth.
Soil water storage capacity is high near wetlands and permanent streams. Sometimes also very high

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Availability of surface water: Good (ranked 1) and excess (ranked 2, the site of the pond is located such that at maximum flooding it shoul d not be reached by flood water to prevent fish escape/overflow)
Water quality (untreated): For agricultural use only: Wetlands used for dry season farming and small horticultural gardens. Farmers fetch water in the streams due to unavailability of safe water points

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Decreasing rapidly due to pollution of water sources, deforeatstion and overexploiation of natural fish stocks

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Excavations usually by men labour but for maintanance activitiies women play increasing roles

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

60% of the land users are average wealthy.
20% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Most of the farmers with ponds have livestock and apply cow dung instaed of compost

Market orientation of production system: Mixed (farmers sell some surplus fish although productivity still below avarage)

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea
• grupal

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

Comentarios:

water use is free for use by all community members especially for agricultural activities

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Comentarios:

The productivity of the fish pond is determined by many factors including the selected species of fish,the feeding levels and the temperature of water. Most tropical fish species grows well when the temperature of the pond water remains warm

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

Initial establishment capital high
Cow dung may be obtained free from kraal or altenative use compost
manure

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

3 households

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

3 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The fish ponds project attracted many families to engage in the activities,the constraints were high capital investments and poor pond managent

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: especially for well off farmers with land holdings near wetlands and streams

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Availability of permanent water sources especially streams How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conservation bylaws enforced on bufferzones

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Availability of permanent water sources especially streams How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conservation bylaws enforced on bufferzones
Farmers owns cattle/shorts How can they be sustained / enhanced? Enhance crop and livestock intergration
Wetlands are owned comunally and by village governments How can they be sustained / enhanced? Bylaws enforcement to prevent encroachment and pollution

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High capital investments	Family oriented groups have some success ,to think of some subsidies throgh government or simple credit schemes

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High capital investments	Group approach used -although many groups fail to sustain the ponds