1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA) - Yemen

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

07/02/2013

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Old flat terraces were built in accordance with the contour lines and surrounded by stones to create a suitable environment for the growth of crops, slope stabilization and reduce the risk of runoff and increasing water harvesting.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The Yemeni farmer challenged the nature cruel and adopted to cope with the needs and requirements, including the construction of agricultural terraces utilizing all the resources available in the region, where he worked first on the extraction of soil located on the slopes of the mountains and booked by building a wall of stones around where were collected and brought stones from different places. Walls were built in very geometric creativity very well designed so that they work to minimize the risk of soil erosion and increase the use of water runoff without damages to the established terraces so through the construction of terraces along contour lines and making outlets in each terrace to drain excess water.

The process of building terraces using stones according to the contours, which works to prevent soil erosion and erosion, as well as help to increase soil moisture as a result harvest runoff, which leads to meet the needs of crop water and thereby increase production.

The main objective of building terraces is to increase production. The soil depth at the beginning of the establishment of the stands to be very shallow and increasing soil depth as a result of increasing deposits the soil.This process is booked by increasing the height of the wall that range between 1-3 meters, and a width runway between 1-6 meters As for the length of the runway It is 5 - 80 meters according to the contour line, which runs on reserve deposits and protect the soil from erosion.. Finally terraces are planted with annual crops mainly cereals crops, as well as perennial trees such as coffee, diamond, Qat and other perennial trees.

The terraces of the projects long-term where you need a long time to build due to the use of hands in the construction process as a result you cannot use the mechanisms, for maintenance operations in view of the building stands on the regions of steep and where the rate of runoff high result of heavy rains in a short time in addition to Regression factor that leads to increase the speed of the flow of water, which operate on a cliff erosion terraces in the event of lack of maintenance, which makes the process of ongoing maintenance is an urgent need to ensure the preservation and sustainability of the stands.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• como parte de un sistema tradicional (> 50 años)

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

too old since approximately 2000 BC

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): severe slopes that works to increase the speed of runoff, which leads to soil loss

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Comentarios:

Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 240

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medida de pendiente transversal

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5.4 km2.

The study area is located in the south west of Fort Kahlan Afar and stretches along the projected water severe slope, and include seven villages spreading from the highest peak of the mountain until the bottom of the valley respectively: Bait guardian, Al Qimmeh, Bait Al Farawi, Al-ubal, Fara'ah, Bani Bram , Wadi (Valley) EabrHajr.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: contour tillage

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (severe rainfall in a short time), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (severe slopes)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, droughts (As a result of the fluctuation of rainfall), poverty / wealth (Poverty)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

terraces built along contour lines

Location: Hajah Governorate. Kahlan Afer

Date: 10-2-2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (does not have only a little experience)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Has enough experience)

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction surface runoff

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, water spreading

Contour tillage
Material/ species: agricultural tools, animal traction

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1 - 3
Spacing between structures (m): 1 - 6
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1 - 3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1 - 6
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5 - 80

Construction material (earth): Collecting soil and reserve deposits to increase the soil depth

Construction material (stone): Stones available in the region

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 65%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 0%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• dólares americanos

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Extraction of soil	Estructurales	Before the rainy season
2.	Collecting stones	Estructurales	Before the rainy season
3.	Build a wall to establish a terrace	Estructurales	Before the rainy season

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Extraction of soil	ha	1,0	2500,0	2500,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Collecting stones	ha	1,0	1162,8	1162,8	100,0
Mano de obra	Build a wall to establish a terrace	ha	1,0	558,0	558,0	100,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	46,5	46,5	100,0
Equipo	Animal traction	ha	1,0	186,0	186,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					4453,3

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	plowing along contour lines	Agronómicas	Before planting
2.	Repairing damaged walls	Estructurales	annually after the rain

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Plowing along contour lines	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Repairing damaged walls	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Equipo	Animal traction	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	18,6	18,6	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					248,6

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: Shovel, local plow and a leveler, Shovel, Big hammer

calculated costs an average length of 60 meters along the wall stone and rising 2.5 meters. other operations were calculated per hectare considering that the land users who will carry the implemented works. with respect to maintenance has been calculated taking into account the fact that the stands terraces are considered investments long term and not subject to erosion annually, but in the event of a severe rain storm.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Collecting and transporting stones
Severe slopes

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• situaciones convexas

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Slopes on average: 30-80%

Altitudinal zone: 1600- 2700 m a.s.l.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil texture (topsoil): Silty Clay loam

Soil fertility is very low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - good

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: physically women to carry hard work, so the man who does the work on the farm and women are household.

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

20% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land.
65% of the land users are poor and own 50% of the land.
15% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• arrendamiento
• individual

• Waqf

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

• Waqf

Comentarios:

There are three types of land ownership owned, hired and Waqf by 74%, 19%, 7%, respectively.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

994 households covering 100 percent of stated area

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 90-100%

Comentarios:

994 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: because the technology is adopted in the whole Yemen, but there is difficulty with regard to the sustainability of technical maintenance due to lack of financial resources and poverty which leads to migration and lack of interest in the land

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Creating a suitable environment for the growth of various crops How can they be sustained / enhanced? continue the process of maintenance to maintain walls and outlets
Water harvesting to increase soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? maintenance of water outlet constantly ensure that no water erosion by allowing excess water to drain out through the outlets.
reduce runoff and Prevention of soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? ongoing maintenance of outlets.
discharge excess water in a systematic manner How can they be sustained / enhanced? ongoing maintenance of water exits
reduce the length and angle of the slope How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining the terraces

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Low productivity in the first years of the Created stands terraces due to poor soil fertility and lack of depth	apply fertilizer and chemical and organic fertilizers
In the event of very heavy rain may be susceptible to erosion terraces	ongoing maintenance of the waterways and channels to ensure that no diversion of water to areas prone to erosion and maintenance of the walls of the terraces and drain excess water.
Due to the construction of terraces on the hillsides with steep slopes, which makes it difficult to use farm machinery and agricultural work is done by hand, which requires many labor somewhat	the search for new technologies that fit this purpose

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Mountain terraces study in the Kahlan Afar region (Mashreqi, et, al 2003)- 44. General Census of Population, Housing and Establishment (Census, 2004).- 45. Guide of agricultural climate in Yemen (Al Khorasani, 2005).

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, AREA Central Bureau of Statistics.Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, AREA