1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suiza

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Kirguistán

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

01/08/2008

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

A combination of fruit- and nut-trees together with seminatural trees and shrubs on one side with grass-communities on the other side provide for a diversified production system.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Fruit- and nut-trees give the production system the characteristics of an orchard, whereas sour cherry trees rather provide for a jungle atmosphere. They spread very quickly once they are planted. Hayproduction substitutes other uses of the lowest vegetation layer, since grazing is forbidden. The whole territory is concipied as a research station.

Purpose of the Technology: In general trees act against erosion: By their stabilising function they prevent soil from being washed out. Especially nut-trees with their 20 to 25 m long roots preserve soil moisture and by that consolidate soil structure. Terraces contribute to this moisture-preserving and production-enhancing function. They are very important in order to make rather steep land exploitable by reducing slope. Haymaking does not damage soils, but is only allowed after the end of June so that grasses can reproduce before.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Both the establishment of terraces and the planting of trees on such a big surface are costly in terms of labour and money. Maintenance means taking care of trees, taking measures against diseases and conserving soil fertility. Fertilisers are very costly and therefore dung has been substituting them in the last years.

Natural / human environment: From the two research stations of the orchard institute - one in the upper hill-zone and one close to the village Karsang - only the second one is assessed. This area is surrounded by two rivers in the West and in the East, with its main exposition to the South. It is in direct competition for irrigation water, especially needed for the trees, with the village. The orchard is situated on a ridge that is in the haymaking area, but is accessible for animals from the village.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras
• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

1961 the national orchard institute began with developing a research area in Karsang, which should be further enlarged from 1975 onward.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The main problems are arid conditions and the loss of fertility, mainly by processes of water erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Gully erosion by water and wind erosion together with droughts are the main problems. Gullly erosion may also be caused by

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Access for livestock forbidden.

Grazingland comments: People have goats, sheep and cows and 1-2 donkeys, if they can afford.

Type of grazing system comments: People have goats, sheep and cows and 1-2 donkeys, if they can afford.

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Comentarios:

Water supply: post-flooding

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 270 Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Jul

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

< 1 LU/km2

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
• variedades vegetales/ razas animales mejoradas

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 0.1-1 km2

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.7 m2.

Of the 70 hectares nearly half of the surface can be considered as unproductive with protective functions against erosion (many sour cherry trees planted).

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall (According to agronomist and elderly persons steady decrease of rainfall Causing aridification..), droughts (No considerable precipitation for one and a half years. Causing compaction, crusting and aridification.), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (The lack of fertilisers and other inputs is a consequence of the breakdown of URSS.)

Secondary causes of degradation: floods (Causing gully erosion and loss of topsoil by water.), war and conflicts (Many trees were chopped illegally during war to have energy (charcoal mines were occupied by armed men)), Unsuitable soils especially in the upper part (loe (Causing compaction, crusting and loss of topsoil by wind.), Steep topography with high sun inclination angle (Causing compaction.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Terraces with fruit trees.

Location: Karsang. Faizabad / Tajikistan

Date: 25.08.09

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Cutting trees and maintaining tree nurseries)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Fieldwork such as haymaking)

Technical knowledge required for Research coordinator: high (Carrying out of workshops)

Main technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), control of fires, trees protect from snow

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 120
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2.5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9

Trees/ shrubs species: Apple, apricot, almond, walnut, quince, pear, peach trees

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Sour cherries, mostly through vegetative growth

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 45.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Terrace: bench level (earth)
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2.5
Spacing between structures (m): 11

Construction material (earth): endogenous material used

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 33-45%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 0%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Strictly regulated haymaking, only after the end of June.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• dólares americanos

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Planting of trees with provenance from Russia and Ukraine	Vegetativas	Tree plants
2.	Tree-planting, grafting, giving dung	Vegetativas	20 persons for 3 years
3.	Terrace establishment	Estructurales	2 tractor drivers for 1 year

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Tree planting	ha	1,0	714,0	714,0
Material para plantas	seedlings	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0
Otros	Terrace establishment	ha	1,0	614,0	614,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					1428,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

research stations of the orchard institute

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Yearly replacement of fruit-trees (10-15% per year)	Vegetativas	10 persons plus brigadier, always employed
2.	Aerating soils around trees, each spring	Vegetativas	10 workers, fix employment
3.	Applying animal dung and / or fertilisers	Vegetativas	10 workers, fix employment
4.	Seasonal workers for harvesting	Vegetativas	10 workers, additionally
5.	Planning of activities	Vegetativas	1 director
6.	Haymaking	Manejo	1 month

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Maintenance	ha	1,0	93,0	93,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	28,0	28,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					121,0

Comentarios:

The data on the establishment of the orchard are an estimation of the director. The recurrent costs are based on the director's and other person's declarations and are rather a rough estimation than a precise list of the costs.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The costs today are strongly determinated by labour input, whereas during establishment and till the end of USSR costs for pesticides, fertilisers, new trees and equipment were very high.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zonation: The orchard is located between 1300-1500 m.

Landforms ridges: A part of the area surrounds a ridge

Landforms hill slopes: Generally slopes are of moderate steepness.

Slopes on average gentle: The terraces themselves are quite flat.

Slopes on average hilly: A great share of the area are slopes, either natural ones or from terraces.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average shallow: In the higher part stony soils prevail.

Soil fertility low: When gypsum and loess soils.

Soil fertility medium: In the lower part soils with little humus.

Soil drainage / infiltration good: 3-4 m infiltration capacity.

Soil water storage capacity medium: Thanks to trees not low.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Availability of surface water: Insufficient: only permitting to irrigate 5 ha of totally 30 ha classified as "irrigated cropland"

Water quality (untreated): According to expert, water contains iodine, but is otherwise "light" and clean, without calcium carbonate

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Typical plants of the foothills can be found in the area.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

100% of the land users are average wealthy and own 100% of the land (all smallholders owning additional income by the work for the institute).

Off-farm income specification: Nearly all people have family members (mostly sons) in Russia, who send remittances.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Comentarios:

Whereas land use rights are restricted to those employed by the research institute, water use is negotiated between the research institute and the village authorities.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	no muy bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	no muy bien

Comentarios:

No damages by heavy rainfall in the orchard, whereas next to it there is damage. Especially winds cause damages by covering vegetation with dust and impeding them from making fotothynthesis. Plants can die therefore.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The government wants more people to adopt the technology and their has effectively been an increase of such initiatives over the last years.