1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA) - Yemen

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

20/02/2013

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Building terraces in steep areas for the purpose of reducing the slope, water harvesting and soil moisture conservation.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Cutting and collecting stones for the construction of terraces on steep slopes of the mountains, structural measure to reduce the length and angle of the slope and the speed of runoff. This makes it easier to harvest water and reserving deposits. A wall terraces is built of stones where the height of a wall should be increased height of 1.8 - 3 m, a width of 1.5 - 4.3 m and the length from 8 - 14 m to keep the accumulated deposits. The cutting stones are brought from distant places for the purpose of building the walls. These terraces are similar to mountain terraces but the top soil surface can be covered with stones to protect it from heavy rain storms and prevent sheet erosion that results from raindrops hitting the bare top soil surface. The stone layer, also prevents evaporation and maintains soil moisture. The stones are arranged in a layer of about 0.25 – 0.7 m thickness over the entire surface of the soil except where to put the coffee trees with an average diameter of 1 m. It is difficult to use equipment in the process of building the terraces due to severe slopes. Therefore it is a labor intensive process of manually building terraces. Due to the slow process of construction it requires a lot of time. However, building terraces on steep slopes can lead to increased erosion in the absence of well maintaining outlets that allow draining the excess water from one terrace to another, avoiding breaking of terraces' walls. In any case, terraces need regular maintenance to ensure the sustainability of this technology. The landscape of the region is mountainous, bench terraces which are used for crop production exist in slopes exceeding 60%. The texture of the soil is silty loam and the depth of the terraces is moderate to deep. Due to small holdings and steepness of the terraces, the local implements are used for land preparation. The climate in the region is arid to semi-arid and annual precipitation ranges between 200 and 450 mm. The major crop in this area is coffee, which is cultivated because of its high economic value on the market.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• como parte de un sistema tradicional (> 50 años)

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

It is very ancient technology but was rehabilitated in 2011 by the users of the land by getting a fund from the Social Fund for Development

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Water erosion in the form of Gullies, large stones loss (landslides) due to the sever steepness in addition to low soil moisture.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping

Si el uso de la tierra ha cambiado debido a la implementación de la Tecnología, indique el uso de la tierra antes de la implementación de la Tecnología.

Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Comentarios:

Water supply: post-flooding

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 90

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medida de pendiente transversal
• cosecha de agua
• diversión y drenaje de agua

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 0.1-1 km2

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.75 m2.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Severe rainstorm), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Severe slopes and fall of large rock masses), land tenure (Fragmentation of holdings), Immigration and search for other income sources

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (For domestic use due to lack of gas as a fuel source), poverty / wealth (Poverty), education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Flat agricultural terraces covered with stones on the soil surface

Location: Bani Ismail. Sana'a governorate - Manakha district

Date: 5/3/2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Construction process needs skill and experience)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Has experience)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, Reduce speed of runoff

Secondary technical functions: sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.8 -3
Spacing between structures (m): 1.5 – 4.3
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.8 -3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5– 4.3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 8 - 14

Structural measure: The Coverage with stones
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5– 4.3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 8 - 14

Construction material (earth): Remove residuals of water erosion and refill the soil-eroded with soil

Construction material (stone): Construction of walls from the existing stones in the region

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 66.7%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• dólares americanos

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Remove the spate deposits and filing the gullies with soil, then the top soil surface has to be leveled	Estructurales	Before the rain season
2.	Collecting and transporting stones	Estructurales	Before the rain season
3.	Building the walls of the terraces	Estructurales	Before the rain season
4.	Cover the top soil surface of the earth with stones	Estructurales	Before the rain season

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Building terraces	ha	1,0	42430,0	42430,0	11,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					42530,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 7 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Repair walls that were destroyed	Estructurales	annually after the rain season
2.	Inverse the soil covered with stones	Estructurales

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Repair walls that were destroyed	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Inverse the soil covered with stones	ha	1,0	186,0	186,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					236,0

Comentarios:

It is important to note that the implemented works to achieved is about 6 hectare, the project which support money against work, contributed with 231720.54$ to cover most of works such as collecting and transfer stones, and constructing the wall of terraces at 16639.16 m, and covering soil surface with stones for an area estimated of 53560.08 m2. While the land users performed cleaning waste of constructions, filling the target area with soil and leveling it. The total cost of constructing per hectare for building walls terraces at 3273.2 m long and 1.8-3 m height and covering soil surface with stones for an area of 8926.68 m2, and 0.25-0.7 m thick, this cost including other works which already have discussion before.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

1- Collecting and transporting stones and arable soil manually as a result of the bad road accessibility.
2- Severe steep slopes

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: 1400 m a.s.l.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: 150 cm

Soil texture: Flood deposits

Topsoil organic matter: Soil covered with stones except where the tree plantation

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - good

Soil water storage capacity is medium - high

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Men have more experience and more power for work than the women.

Women carried out the weeding in the field in addition to food preparation at home.

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

10% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
90% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

120 households covering 100 percent of the stated area

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

120 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

The technology is one of the old folk traditions, but due to the deterioration of the living conditions of families and high maintenance costs the terraces left abandoned and when support is available by the government to help farmers rehabilitate and terraces rundown Reclamation. As for the adoption of the technique is essentially the traditional techniques of farmers and they have knowledge of their importance, but in the event of major damage farmers are unable to repair where it needs to expensive costs. Consequently, farmers have to leave and search for another source of income through internal migration. Such as these damages do not happen like this only in the event of a heavy rainstorms and it is very rare, which leads to washed and destroyed many of the terraces. Consequently, the farmer cannot repair the damage by himself. As previously stated it was targeting a group of land users who do not applied to the project to ask for help.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
This ancient technology is original and appropriate to the local situation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Raise awareness among land users of the importance of maintaining the technology.
The sustainable cropping of the soil terraces on steep slopes prevent soil loss and degradation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continue maintenance and appropriate land management
Increase soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Periodic maintenance
Reducing runoff and increasing water harvesting How can they be sustained / enhanced? Periodic maintenance
Improve soil fertility How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continue to add organic matter to increase soil fertility and conservation

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The high cost of rehabilitation and maintenance of the terraces by an individual user	Strengthening cooperation and assistance in the rehabilitation and maintenance collectively by land users
High runoff may lead to the erosion of terraces	Planting the upper part of higher slopes with trees or water breakers (controls) for water runoff to reduce the flow velocity, as well as periodic maintenance of watercourses and water outlets in the terraces
Cover the surface of the soil with stones may lead to soil compaction	To avoid compaction due to covering soil with stones reduce the thickness of this layer

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Technical study for construction and reclamation for terraces in some villages, Bani Ismail's uzlah, Manakhah district.2- Mid-monthly reports for implanting terraces construction in Bani Ismail's uzlah, Manakhah district.3- General Census of Population, Housing and Establishment (Census, 2004).4- Guide of agricultural climate in Yemen (Al Khorasani, 2005).

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Social Fund for Development, Sana'a 976714496722- Social Fund for Development, Sana'a 97671449672 3-Central Bureau of Statistics4-Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, AREA