1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel (GIZ )

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemania

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

01/07/2012

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

This technique makes it possible to develop unirrigated land at low cost to meet the demand for higher agricultural production and improved living conditions.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Village irrigation schemes provide irrigation for areas of between 20 and 40 hectares, surrounded by low earthen dikes. The system includes a stilling basin, which receives water from a mobile motor pump, a main channel, secondary channels and irrigation ditches. The scheme gives total control over the water available in the area, using a motor pump to move it around the system. The channels are open earth, and stretches where infiltration is high are lined with riprap. The structures are made of concrete. Village irrigation schemes require a source of water, and are therefore generally located along rivers or near permanent bodies of water.
Irrigation systems of this kind were constructed in Mali after the droughts in the 1970s under numerous development projects implemented to increase rice and wheat production. Between 1996 and 2010, for example, the IPRODI project established 450 irrigation schemes in northern Mali, creating an irrigated area of over 13,000 ha farmed by 55,000 farmers.

The water is pumped into the stilling basin and driven by the force of gravity into the main channel and the secondary and tertiary channels to the plots of individual users. Village irrigation schemes are an effective means of expanding the area of irrigated farmland and increasing production. As they permit the total control of the water available, farmers are practically unaffected by variations in rainfall, as long as the water source remains available. They therefore guarantee the production of food crops and straw for livestock. Village irrigation schemes create new irrigated farmland, which enable farmers to achieve high rice yields: around 6 tonnes per hectare. With an average price of 125 CFA francs a kilo for paddy rice, the value of output per hectare is around 750,000 CFA francs. Profit is estimated at around 300,000 CFA francs per hectare. At some sites, a second harvest is possible. Other plots are used for market gardening, with the production of onions, tomatoes, herbs, spices, etc. After the crops have been harvested, animals are allowed to graze on the plots.

The process to select an area to be developed begins with a request submitted by the community through the commune authorities. A feasibility study is conducted to determine potentially viable sites. The final choice is made in consultation with the regional and commune authorities and the villages concerned and in accordance with the financial resources available. The highly labour intensive approach is used, with beneficiaries participating in the construction work. The beneficiaries receive support from a project to plan and construct the irrigation system, purchase and install the pumping units (with financial contribution), purchase the tools and establish a start-up fund for the first season. Two technicians are trained per scheme. The village irrigation systems are operated and maintained by the beneficiaries and their management committee. The management committee must set up an operating and maintenance fund to purchase fuel and carry out any repairs. Farmers are required to pay a charge of seven sacks of paddy rice (around a third of their harvest) into the fund. In this way, the pumping units can be replaced after a number of years.
Those who participated in the construction work are given preference when the plots are distributed among the village’s families. A quarter-of-a-hectare plot is assigned to each ‘able-bodied person’ who participated in the work to construct the system. The total area assigned to each family therefore depends on the number of able-bodied people in the household. Once the system is in operation, technical services provide support to farmers for a time to teach them adapted farming practices.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Developed, implemented and disseminated as part of projects and programmes undertaken from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management. Implemented by GIZ (German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation), and the project to rehabilitate dams and tracks (PRBP) and the Mali north programme (PMN).
Irrigation systems of this kind were constructed in Mali after the droughts in the 1970s under numerous development projects implemented to increase rice and wheat production. Between 1996 and 2010, for example, the IPRODI project established 450 irrigation schemes in northern Mali, creating an irrigated area of over 13,000 ha farmed by 55,000 farmers.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): unequal distribution of irrigation water, fertility decline, Constraints of common grazing land, Constraints of forested government-owned land or commons

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August to October

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)
• manejo de agua superficial (manantial, río, lagos, mar):

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 100-1,000 km2

Comentarios:

Between 1996 and 2010, for example, the IPRODI project established 450 irrigation schemes in northern Mali, creating an irrigated area of over 13,000 ha farmed by 55,000 farmers. In Mali, there are numerous village irrigation schemes in the Inner Niger Delta and along the banks of the river Niger.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Specification of other structural measures: irrigation scheme

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), floods, droughts, population pressure, land tenure

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase of biomass (quantity)

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	request submitted by the community through the commune authorities	Estructurales
2.	A feasibility study is conducted to determine potentially viable sites	Estructurales
3.	final choice is made in consultation with the regional and commune authorities and the villages concerned and in accordance with the financial resources available	Estructurales
4.	beneficiaries participate in the construction work: construct the irrigation system, purchase and install the pumping units, purchase the tools and establish a start-up fund for the first season.	Estructurales

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Otros	total construction		1,0	2893,14	2893,14	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					2893,14

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	pumping units can be replaced after a number of years	Estructurales

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The cost of implementing a village irrigation scheme is around 1.5 million CFA francs per hectare.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Groundwater table: > 10 m
Availability of surface water: surface runoff generated by limited but intense rainfalls

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4% (mostly poor households below poverty line).
Off-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Comentarios:

traditional land use rights on fields, communal land on pasture and forest land

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Between 1996 and 2010, the IPRODI project established 450 irrigation schemes in northern Mali, creating an irrigated area of over 13,000 ha farmed by 55,000 farmers.
The earliest village irrigation schemes implemented under the IPRODI project in Mali are now 15 years old. They are still operating and in good condition. The low investment and maintenance costs and the assimilation of the operating techniques by the farmers ensure high sustainability.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Those who participated in the construction work are given preference when the plots are distributed among the village’s families.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Village irrigation schemes are an effective means of expanding the area of irrigated farmland and increasing production.
Farmers are practically unaffected by variations in rainfall, as long as the water source remains available. They therefore guarantee the production of food crops and straw for livestock.
The earliest village irrigation schemes implemented under the IPRODI project in Mali are now 15 years old. They are still operating and in good condition. The low investment and maintenance costs and the assimilation of the operating techniques by the farmers ensure high sustainability.
The beneficiaries use their own funds to replace the pumping units when necessary and to extend the schemes.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
A high standard of technical planning (topographical surveying and soil studies) and construction is required to prevent cracks from appearing in the stilling basin or the main channel and avoid the problem of uneven water distribution within the irrigation area. The most serious risk for such schemes is failure of the pumping unit.	A local repair and maintenance service stocking a supply of spare parts must be available to provide assistance when the problem is beyond the abilities of the technicians trained for the scheme by the project.
The improved areas sometimes become a source of conflict after the irrigation system has been put in place.	The assessment carried out during the identification and planning stage must take into account any existing and potential conflicts.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers´ resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page