1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

University of Aveiro (University of Aveiro) - Portugal

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

21/09/2016

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Post-fire salvage logging is the practice of harvest the trees after fire, the employed methodology is clearcutting which involves the cut of essentially all the trees and the removal of logging residues.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In the 2015 summer a wildfire affected the Semide mountain range nearby the Lousã massif, central Portugal. The area was afforested with eucalypt and pine plantations during last XX century and nowadays landscape is composed mainly by eucalypts at different stages of development and, the understory shrub vegetation.
The research team of the University of Aveiro set up an experiment to test the effect of post-fire logging in soil erosion and other selected soil properties.

Purpose of the Technology: Post-fire logging is a common management practice usually undertaken to recover burnt timber resources, to plant new seedlings and to reduce possible insect infestation hazard. In Portugal, about 10x106 m3 of timber could be harvested every year and a considerable percentage of this figure comes from recently burned eucalypt and pine stands.
Post-fire logging could have a multiple detrimental effect on ecosystem as fire-affected ecosystems are sensitive to further disturbance. This multiplier effect concerns soil compaction, soil (fertility) losses, with serious implications for in-situ plant growth, soil biota and for downstream aquatic systems. Furthermore, post-fire logging undermines the effectiveness of costly rehabilitation efforts aimed at reducing soil erosion. Hence, the post-fire logging practice is still controversial in terms of economic benefit and environmental consequences, in many parts of the world.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The standard logging technique consists of felling burned trees either with a harvester or manually with a chainsaw depending on slope conditions and machinery available. The logs will be gathered with the harvester, using a cable-skidder or pulling logs down-slope with a cable attached to a tractor. A forwarder will transport them to the main pile prior to load and removal by trucks.
The slope will present two well differenced units according to soil surface disturbance, the skid trail or the logged area.

Natural / human environment: The eucalypt trees in the region are typically planted as monocultures for paper pulp production, and harvested every 7-14 years. The landscape reflects a long history of intense land management, with a mosaic of (semi-)natural and man-made agricultural and afforested lands. Since the 1980´s, however, wildfires have increased dramatically in frequency and extent, aided by a general warming and drying trend but driven primarily by socio-economic changes.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• como parte de un sistema tradicional (> 50 años)

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Strong increases in runoff and erosion should be a main land management concern following wildfires, as they constitute a serious threat to land-use sustainability and downstream aquatic habitats and human infrastructures. In addition to fire itself, post-fire logging activities can greatly increase erosion response of recently burnt areas. Furthermore, logging is typically the most common practice after fire, and recently burnt soils are more erodible than long-unburnt soils.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Loss of wood resources and productivity.

Plantation forestry: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 3

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 270Longest growing period from month to month: September to May

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de bosques naturales y seminaturales:
• manejo de plantación forestal

• Post-fire logging

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

The studied area is a hillslope scale but total logged area is larger

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: management measures

Specification of other management measures: Recover burnt timber resources and improve the re-sprout of new eucalypts

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Pc: compaction, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bf: detrimental effects of fires

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Eucalypt plantations are prone to forest fires), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Logging increases soil erosin risk and soil compactation), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Logging increases the lost of vegetation cover), population pressure (Since the 1980´s, eucalypt plantations increased greatly, driven primarily by socio-economic changes.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

The slope will present two well differentiated units according to soil surface disturbance, the machinery trail and the logged area. The soil erosion risk will be associated with the loss of ground cover due to mechanical disturbance. Furthermore, the machinery trail presents the risk of concentrated overland-flow with the subsequent rill formation.

Location: Semide. Coimbra

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (The use of machinery is preferable but not essential)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan)

Other type of management: Recover burnt timber resources and improve the re-sprout of eucalypt stumps

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

euros

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

0,92

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	1 person with chainsaw	Manejo	24
2.	Harvester transport ( in a radio of 50 km)Harvester working (with person)Forwarder (with person)Final transport (in a radio of 50 km)	Manejo	60

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	1461,0	1461,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	5870,0	5870,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					7331,0

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

The prices were determined for a clearcutting of a slope with acceptable slope degree and accessibility. Prices were calculated by hectare in winter 2015 for central Portugal.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Accessibility and steepness will raise the costs. The use of machinery is not a mandatory. Small land owners decrease the total cost by doing manual work with a family framework.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility is medium-high
Topsoil organic matter is high (afforested soils)
Soil drainage/infiltration is poor-medium ( Soil water repellency)
Soil water storage capacity is low (very shallow soils)

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Availability of surface water is good - medium (very dry summer)

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Burnt soil

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Harvesting forest areas is typically a men work, probably due to the machinery use and/or the physical strength needed.

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, commercial/ market

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	no muy bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

There is no maintenance

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Small land owners need to request the clearcutting to harvester companies; but they do it spontaneus

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Short-term economic benefits How can they be sustained / enhanced? Decrease wildfires will increase the economic value of the timber

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave

The chance to obtain an economic benefit from forest plantations diminished depopulation of rural areas in the region. How can they be sustained / enhanced? A diversification toward native forest species cultivation (i.e. cork oak, olive trees, and chestnut tree) would be a very good alternative for the improvement of the ecosystem services, the reduction of wildfires risk and the increase of the socio-economic conditions in the region

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
When timber quality is no good (due to fire) there is no economic benefit	Take the advantage to modify eucalypt plantations toward more sustainable land use

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Increased runoff and soil erosion and possibly modify soil properties	There are several mitigation treatments that can be used to decrease the risk of soil erosion/degradation after logging activities. The use of water dams in the machinery trails and/or the spread of logging residues on the uncover/disturbed soil are techniques that can give good results

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

DellaSala, D.A., 2006. Post-fire Logging, Summary of Key Studies and Findings. World Wildlife Fund, Washington,USA.
http://www.nccsp.org/files/Postfire%20Summary%20of%20Key%20Findings.pdf
Fernández. C, J.A. Vega, Fonturbel.T Pérez-Gorostiaga P., Jiménez E., Madrigal.J., 2007. Effects of wildfire salvage logging and slash treatments on soil degradation. Land Degrad. Develop. 18: 591–607. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.797.
Inbar, M., Wittenberg, L., Tamir, M., 1997. Soil erosion and forestry management after wildfire in a Mediterranean woodland, Mt. Carmel, Israel. International Journal of Wildland Fire 7: 285–294.
Malvar, M.C., Martins, M.A.S., Nunes, J.P., Robichaud, P.R., Keizer, J.J., 2013. Assessing the role of pre-fire ground preparation operations and soil water repellency in post-fire runoff and inter-rill erosion by repeated rainfall simulation experiments in Portuguese eucalypt plantations. Catena, 108, 69-83.
Prats S.A., Malvar M.C., Vieira D.C.S., Keizer J.J., 2013, in press. Effectiveness of hydromulching to reduce runoff and erosion in a recently burnt and logged Maritime Pine stand in central Portugal. Land Degradation and Development. (accepted in June 2013).DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2236.
RECARE project: Preventing and Remediating degradation of soils in Europe trhough Land Care.
http://www.recare-project.eu/

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

internet