1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences) - Tayikistán

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Global Environment Facility Tajikistan (GEF) - Tayikistán

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - Tayikistán

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

UNEP (UNEP) - Kenia

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Institute for Environment and Human Security, United Nations University (Institute for Environment and Human Security, United Nations University) - Alemania

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

26/06/2010

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Cultivation of fodder crops (alfa-аlfa) on irrigated slopes of 60% steepness in the arid mountainous area of the Western Pamirs (Vanj valley).

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In 1993, in the Vanj district all land suitable for tilling was already occupied, only steep slopes were uncultivated. However, one innovative land user began to set up on a slope with 60% steepness, a 3 ha plot for intensive grass / fodder production through his own initiative. By the application of irrigation, within 3-5 years the very low productive grazing land was converted into a highly productive and sustainable cut-and-carry system. The technology is very effective in these ecological conditions for rapid rehabilitation of degraded lands. Over the 18 years of on-going fodder production on the plot, the pure alfa-alfa culture transformed into a grass-bean mixture, which provides even better soil cover and soil conservation.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose is secured fodder production for keeping livestock in the winter time. Despite the steep slope of 60%, and low-productive soils, by applying irrigation, the farmer gets three harvests of hay per season, amounting to about 8-12 ton of high quality fodder. Thus, over all these years, the farmer has had no problems producing sufficient fodder for his livestock.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment of such a plot is very labour-intensive. However, within 3-4 years the productivity of the land improves several times over. High yields of high quality hay can be obtained within the short term, and the labour intensive activities are mostly needed just within the first year of establishment. Thus, many farmers have been attracted to apply this technology.

Natural / human environment: The plot described is situated in the village of Ravgada, Jamoat Teharv in Vanj district. Vanj is one of the two districts of GBAO with favourable agro-climatic conditions. But even here the natural fertility of the stony soils is low, especially on pasture lands with sparse vegetation. Due to the high aridity, farming is not possible without irrigation. The main income of the population is from livestock and the sale of nuts and fruits. All families that have recently become independent farmers, had mostly lands on steep slopes allocated to them. These families have therefore been applying the described technology with minor variations depending on the topography of their land.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The technology was established in 1992.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low natural fertility of soils, very stony land, farming is not possible without irrigation.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Lack of water. A lot of money and work is required to supply water to areas on steep slopes.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Si el uso de la tierra ha cambiado debido a la implementación de la Tecnología, indique el uso de la tierra antes de la implementación de la Tecnología.

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• totalmente irrigada

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: April-September

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
• variedades vegetales/ razas animales mejoradas

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.03 m2.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (grazing without rotation), droughts (High aridity, low precipitation), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (very steep slopes (all other land was already occupied)), population pressure (lack of land), poverty / wealth (not enough resources)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (fields with perennial crops are not wide spread), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (tree cutting for fuel), labour availability (migration to Russia), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (no direct access to markets), education, access to knowledge and support services (no institutional support), war and conflicts (main cause for food unsecurity)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (creating an irrigation system on such a steep slope requires knowledge)

Main technical functions: reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

In blocks
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 16kg/ha

Trees/ shrubs species: naturally grown along irrigation canals: Dog rose, sea buckthorn

Perennial crops species: alfa-alfa

Grass species: natural grasses

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 60.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 60.00%

Structural measure: digging irrigation canal
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3000

Construction material (earth): first irrigation canals were dug into the earth

Construction material (stone): collected from the field stones were lined along the irrigation canals

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

somoni

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

4,53

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Clearing the site of stones	Vegetativas	before plowing
2.	Clearing the site of stones	Vegetativas	before plowing
3.	plowing the land using ox	Vegetativas	Spring / 1 time in 19 years
4.	plowing the land using ox	Vegetativas	Spring / 1 time in 19 years
5.	Purchasing fertilisers(50 kg=150s)	Vegetativas
6.	Purchasing fertilisers(50 kg=150s)	Vegetativas
7.	Applying fertilisers	Vegetativas	before sowing
8.	Applying fertilisers	Vegetativas	before sowing
9.	alfa-alfa seeds	Vegetativas
10.	alfa-alfa seeds	Vegetativas
11.	planting (sowing) alfalfa	Vegetativas
12.	planting (sowing) alfalfa	Vegetativas
13.	watering the field	Vegetativas
14.	watering the field	Vegetativas
15.	Construction of main irrigation canal(pipes water from a spring)	Estructurales
16.	Construction of main irrigation canal(pipes water from a spring)	Estructurales
17.	Purchasing of pipes20 Ø= 50cm x 6m1=100$	Estructurales
18.	Purchasing of pipes20 Ø= 50cm x 6m1=100$	Estructurales
19.	installation of pipesover a length of 120m	Estructurales
20.	installation of pipesover a length of 120m	Estructurales
21.	Construction ofirrigation network on site	Estructurales	before sowing
22.	Construction ofirrigation network on site	Estructurales	before sowing
23.	stabilisation of irrigation canals with stones collected from the fields	Estructurales	after plowing
24.	stabilisation of irrigation canals with stones collected from the fields	Estructurales	after plowing

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Clearing the site of stones	Persons/day	10,0	30,0	300,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Plowing the land with ox	Persons/day	9,0	180,0	1620,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Applying Fertilizer/planting alfalfa/watering	Persons/day	13,0	30,0	390,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Construction of irrigation pipes	Persons/day	304,0	30,0	9120,0	100,0
Equipo	Purchasing of pipes 20 Ø= 50cm x 6m 1=100$	pipes	20,0	453,0	9060,0	100,0
Equipo	Labour: Constructing and stabilizing irrigation network (3km)	Persons/day	450,0	30,0	13500,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Alfa-alfa seeds	kg	48,0	20,0	960,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Fertilizer	kg	500,0	3,0	1500,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					36450,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	watering the field10 times per vegetation period (5 month).Once, every 9 days for 3 ha.	Vegetativas	during vegetation period
2.	cutting of alfa-alfa and natural grass	Vegetativas	3 times per year
3.	Repairing and cleaning of the main irrigation canal from sediments and debris	Estructurales	Before the irrigation season in spring
4.	repairing and cleaning of the irrigation network from sediment and branches on an overall area of 3 ha	Estructurales	Before the irrigation season in spring

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	watering the field 10 times per vegetation period	Persons/day	90,0	30,0	2700,0	100,0
Mano de obra	cutting of alfa-alfa and natural grass	Persons/day	45,0	30,0	1350,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Cleaning irrigation network and canal	Persons/day	12,0	30,0	360,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					4410,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: manual labour using sickle/shovel., shovels

The slope of the plot described is 55-60%.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The steepness of the slope.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: More exactly 2150-2200m

Lanforms: Straight steep slope in high mountain area

Slopes on average: 60% steepness on the upper part of the plot, and 50-55% on the lower part.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Ground water table: It is a steep mountain slope

Water quality (untreated): Water comes from a spring, it is good drinking water

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Much evidence of insects and birds, and also traces of soil fauna.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

20% of the land users are rich (Farmer became richer after 1993).

Off-farm income specification: In addition to the fodder plot, he also has a big forest plot rented from the Forest committee, a big apple and nut orchard, and he also keeps chickens and turkeys.

Market orientation of production system: This fodder is sufficient for his own livestock

Level of mechanization animal traction: Land cultivation once in 18 years

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• arrendamiento

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

Comentarios:

The use of irrigation has made the technology sustainable and more tolerant to temperature increases and drought. However, if climate change leads to decreasing snow fall, this may affect the quantity and the duration of irrigation water available. Reduced irrigation water may lead to a reduced number of yields.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The largest amount of money was spent on the purchase of water pipes to bring irrigation water to the site. But the farmer says that over the long-term (18 years), he has already covered this cost.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

266 houshold in an area

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 90-100%

Comentarios:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: All families that have recently come to live as individual farmers and had lands allocated to them, have mostly obtained land on steep slopes.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The rapidly seen benefits of the technology have attracted many farmers to apply this technology.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
For many years the farmer had no problems with fodder for his 10 cows.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
this technology is very effective in these ecological conditions for the rapid rehabilitation of, and reduction of land degradation in these low-productivity soils.
Alfalfa has been grown for the last 18 years, giving a stable hay yield.
Over many years, the pure alfa-alfa fields became mixed with grass-bean herbs, which provide much better soild cover than alfalfa alone.
Despite the 60% steep slope and low-productive soils, thanks to irrigation, the farmer can harvest three yields of hay per season, which is about 8-10 ton of high quality fodder.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Next year the farmer wants to plow the field and re-plant the alfalfa. He is already an old man and on such a steep slope it will be difficult

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The farmer did not engage in beekeeping. Possibly because he does not have enough knowledge.	the farmer should start beekeeping which can have several benefits, including ecologically clean honey and good pollination of alfalfa, which will lead to greater seed yields and greater income.