1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Kirguistán

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences) - Tayikistán

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - Tayikistán

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership (CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership) - Kirguistán

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

16/03/2011

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Planting fruit tree orchards to increase the stability of the steep loess soil slopes.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

This technology involved the planting of several varieties of native fruit trees to help stabilise steep loess mountain slopes. Seven species of fruit trees were planted in seven different locations, in two watersheds within the district of Nurobod in Tajikistan. The locations were chosen as a result of a natural disaster workshop that identified the areas most susceptible to landslides.

In consultation with the Institute of Horticulture a fruit tree planting scheme was devised and using project money the identified area was enclosed with a wire perimeter fence. The fruit trees were planted along irrigation contours running at shallow angles parallel to the slope.

Purpose of the Technology: The best locations for planting the fruit trees were decided on via a participatory community workshop on natural disaster risk management.
During the workshop the community identified areas around the village that were considered high risk. A fruit tree planting scheme was implemented in these areas to help stabilise the slopes, reduce surface water run off and top soil erosion, and reduce the risk of landslides. As the trees grew they were intercropped with wheat and espercet.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Several 'at risk' areas were identifed within these workshops, therefore the project team had to assess the areas for suitability. Two of the main criteria used included the access to water and if there was sufficient depth of top soil to sustain a fruit orchard.
Once the area was decided upon, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed with the particular land user. It was made clear to the community that the land was chosen based upon the decisions from the workshop and not because of any form of favouritism towards the land user. The MoU stated that the land user was responsible for the planting and maintenance of the orchards.
The Horticultural Institute devised a planting a scheme based upon the loaction and soil type. The implementation activities occurred in early spring. A continuos wire fence was erected around the area, and the fruit trees were planted at five metre intervals along a dug contour irrigation ditch. One kilo of organic fertiliser was applied to each tree and later in the season they were sprayed with pesticides.

Natural / human environment: Nurobod district is a mountainous area, with large tributaries flowing into the Vasht river. There are mass erosion processes at work, causing gullies and washing away the top soil. The previous civil war, compounded by harsh winters resulted in extensive clearance of the surrounding vegetation for fuel. These areas have became further degraded by over grazing on the remaining grass lands.
The local population suffers from high levels of labour migration of young men to Russia and resulting in a drain of knowledge and able bodied workers. This leaves the remaining families particulary vulnerable in this specific climate.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The project was implemented in 2010.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• reducir el riesgo de desastres naturales

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The steep loess slopes are devoid of vegetation, therefore the land is prone to washing away of top soil, gulley formation, and potential landslides.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The land has become unuseable, it was used as pasture land but every year it seems to be getting worse.

Ranching: cows, sheep and goats

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

Si el uso de la tierra ha cambiado debido a la implementación de la Tecnología, indique el uso de la tierra antes de la implementación de la Tecnología.

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 200Longest growing period from month to month: March - October

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medida de pendiente transversal

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.1 m2.

The SLM technology was implemented in 7 different locations covering 5 villages within the Mujiharf and Hakimi jamoats of Nurobod District. The two main watersheds are shown in the googleEarth file. The plot sizes varied between 0.5 - 1 H.a.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Any shrubs and bushes previously on the land were removed.), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Shrubs and bushes were removed as fodder and for fuel purposes.), war and conflicts (Natural resources became increasingly valuable during the civil war of the 1990's.)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Once the bushes were removed the area was used for grazing.), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall events have contributed to the degradation of the land.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

The drawing shows a perimeter fence enclosing terraces of fruit trees. The trees are irrigated through a contour trench running at a shallow angle perpendicular to the slope. The land users have taken the opportunity to optimise the cultivated land by planting perennial and wheat crops between the rows of trees.

Location: Mujiharf. Nurobod, tajikisatn

Date: 22nd June 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (The technology is relatively straight forward and easy to implement.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (The land user is responsible for the continued maintenance of the fruit trees.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Cherry, Apple, Quince, Pear, Plum, Peach, Walnut

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 2.00%

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

somoni

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

4,5

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Erection of Fence	Vegetativas	Spring - end of march
2.	Planting of fruit trees.	Vegetativas	March / April

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Building fence	Persons/day	28,0	25,0	700,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Planting fruit trees	Persons/day	40,0	25,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	Tools	Pieces	6,0	20,0	120,0
Material para plantas	Seedlimgs	pieces	400,0	8,0	3200,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Compost/manure	tons	1,0	225,0	225,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas						1,0
Material de construcción	Metal fence and posts	meter	400,0	12,0	4800,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					10045,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

Horticulture Institue

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)
Costs are per h.a.

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	pruning and tree care	Vegetativas	Annually

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Prunning and tree care	Persons/day	15,0	16,6666667	250,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					250,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: spades, picks

The costs were calculated at 2010 prices for 400 trees planted over 1 h.a.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The main issue was the procurement of the fruit trees from a reliable credible source. Since the start of the project, land users purchased trees from local tree nurseries but the trees were of poor quality and some already had signs of disease. The scarity of natural resources, and the lack of controlled grazing means that wire fencing had to be used, This could only be purchased outside of the district and thus incurred high transport costs.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: For the seven plots.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil texture (topsoil): Silt

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The men were involved with the initial planting of the trees. However the women complete most of the ongoing care and maintenance of the fruit trees,

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

10% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.
45% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.
45% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Most households in this district recieve remittances from abroad.


Market orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): Low grade pasture land

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado
• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Comentarios:

All land in Tajikistan is owned by the state, user rights are defined here by the local government.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
increase in pests	no muy bien

Comentarios:

The technology initially used 7 species of trees. However after a while it became apparent that the peach trees were more sensitive to heavy rainfall which occured especially in the spring, and therefore when the orchards were expanded peach trees were not planted again. Land owners have also planted espercet and wheat between the trees to help further stabilise the slopes.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

It can take 3-12 years before the fruits can be harvested, depending upon the variety. The trees will require more care and attention in the first few years to ensure their long term survival.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

7 households in an area of 10 ha

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

7 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: All seven families implemented the technology.

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Nothing has been physically monitored but there was lively discussion in the communuty about expanding the planting areas.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
It has made efficient use of the land that was previously used for grazing of livestock.
I have planted espercet in within the fence line, to improve my fodder production.
I learnt how to care for the trees in the training provided. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further ongoing professional support for the land user would be beneficial.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
It helped stabilise the soil and reduce the risk of mudslides. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other identified areas could be planted with trees.
It helped to reduce the rates of surface water top soil erosion. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The area of land could be extended.
The fencing helped protect the technology from grazing livestock. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The fruit trees within the fence can be intercropped with perennial grasses or other crops.
It provides long term food and potential income for the land user.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
There are tree diseases in the district, which may spread to the fruit trees and many locals cannot afford the pesticides required to help prevent these.	Pesticides could be provided by larger farms or cooperatives could be set up.
The livestock broke through the fence and ate some of the saplings.	In some instances double fencing may be requried.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The areas identified to be stabilised do not always have access to water and therefore the technology is limited.	Piped irrigation and drip irrigation techniques could be applied.
The land owner does not have any returns on the intial investment for a minimum of three years. Also they will have to pay tax on the land after three years. Some trees will not produce fruits for up to 12yrs.	Loans or subsidies could be provided to the land user over this initial period of time.