Tecnologías

Improved cattleshed for urine collection [Nepal]

Creación: 06/06/2011 21:22
Actualización: 05/06/2019 14:13
Compilador: Richard Allen
Editor: –
Revisores: David Streiff, Alexandra Gavilano

Mutra sankalan ka lagi sudhariyeko goth (Nepali)

technologies_1752 - Nepal

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Persona(s) de referencia clave

Especialista MST:

Richard Allen

Especialista MST:

Director

Soil Management Directorate, Department of Agriculture

Nepal

Especialista MST:

Team Leader

Sustainable Soil Management Programme

Nepal

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - Nepal

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

Farmer field schools on integrated plant nutrient systems [Nepal]

Participatory and collaborative learning through the farmer field school approach

Compilador: Richard Allen
19/01/2009 00:00

Farmer-led experimentation [Nepal]

Participatory technology testing and adaptation through farmer-led experiments

Compilador: Richard Allen
19/02/2009 00:00

Farmer-to-farmer diffusion [Nepal]

Wider diffusion of sustainable soil management technologies through a demand responsive farmer-to-farmer diffusion approach

Compilador: Richard Allen
19/01/2009 00:00

2. Descripción de la Tecnología MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Collection of cattle urine in improved cattle sheds for use as liquid manure and organic pesticide

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for plants, and high crop productivity can only be achieved by making sufficient nitrogen available to crops. Nitrogen is also the most limiting nutrient in farms across Nepal’s midhills. Traditionally farmers applied farmyard manure to fertilise their needs. In many places this is being supplemented or even entirely replaced by inorganic fertiliser - mainly urea. The price of inorganic fertiliser has increased continuously in recent years and it is only available in limited quantities in areas far from the roadheads. On the other hand, cultivation practices are intensifying with increased cropping intensities and more nutrient-demanding crops as, for example, local varieties are replaced by hybrids and new crops are grown. This can easily lead to declining soil fertility and nutrient mining if it is not compensated for by an equivalent increase in organic or mineral fertilisation.
Cattle urine is a viable alternative to mineral fertiliser. Of the nitrogen excreted by cattle, 60% is found in the urine and only 40% in dung. In traditional sheds, urine is left to be absorbed in the bedding material, while excess urine is channelled out of the shed and disposed of. The technology described here - improved cattle sheds- are designed for collecting the urine in a pit or drum. This pit is generally located in the shed itself or just outside connected to the drainage channel through a pipe and protected from rain and runoff. Where urine is collected for incorporation in farmyard manure, the pit may be directly connected to the manure pit or heap. Urine that is going to be used as liquid manure or organic pesticide has to be stored in a drum for fermentation.
A household with two cattle can save the equivalent of purchasing about 100 kg of urea over one year by applying urine either directly as liquid fertiliser or as a component in improved farmyard manure.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

Galería de medios

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Nepal

Especifique más el lugar :

Midhill districts of Nepal

3. Clasificación de la Tecnología MST

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

Collect fertilizer

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Tierras cultivadas

Cosecha anual

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices with either 1) inadequate application of fertilisers leading to a decline in soil fertility and the mining of soil nutrients or 2) application of too much fertiliser causing environmental problems through excessive leaching, and losses of fertiliser in surface runoff and consequent eutrophication or nitrification of streams, ponds, or groundwater.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

manejo integrado de la fertilidad del suelo

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

medidas de manejo

M6: Manejo de desperdicios (reciclado, reutilización o reducción)

Comentarios:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

deterioro químico del suelo

Cn: reducción de la fertilidad y contenido reducido de la materia orgánica del suelo (no ocasionados por la erosión)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

no aplica

4. Especificaciones técnicas, actividades de implementación, insumos y costos

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Especificaciones técnicas (relacionadas al dibujo técnico):

a) Urine collection and direct incorporation in covered farmyard manure pit.
b) Urine collection for later application as liquid manure or organic pesticide.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, increase in soil productivity, pest control

Secondary technical functions: supplementary irrigation

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

por unidad de Tecnología

Especifique unidad:

Urine collection system

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

Indique el costo promedio del salario de trabajo contratado por día:

2.00

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Provide slight slope to the cattle shed floor
2.	Dig a draining ditch and a collection pit, if possible at the lowest point inside the shed. If this is not possible, an outside pit should be dug, protected from rain and runoff, and connected with the draining ditch through a pipe or a channel.
3.	Make the floor as impermeable as possible; e.g. with cement (expensive and durable), stone slabs, soil compaction, or clay (cheap but not durable). The more impermeable the floor, the more urine can be collected.
4.	Provide a jug/’decapitated’ plastic bottle/cup/etc. to scoop the urine out of the collection pit into the fermentation drum.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	per unit	1,0	6,0	6,0	100,0
Material de construcción	Plastic drum	per unit	6,0	1,0	6,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					12,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					12,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	When the collection pit is full, the collected urine has to be removed from the pit and stored in a plastic drum for fermentation.
2.	The urine is applied as liquid fertiliser by jug or through drip irrigation.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

It is clear that cattle or buffaloes are required for urine production. To help farmers to use their own resources, it is suggested to start with the cheapest and simplest form of urine collection and a compacted sloping floor and a collection pit within the shed. This allows the farmer to see the benefits of collecting the urine and will encourage them to invest in more expensive materials to improve the efficiency of urine collection. Cost as in January 2007

5. Entorno natural y humano

5.1 Clima

Lluvia anual

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1,000 mm
1,001-1,500 mm
1,501-2,000 mm
2,001-3,000 mm
3,001-4,000 mm
> 4,000 mm

Especificaciones/ comentarios sobre la cantidad de lluvia:

Annual rainfall: Also 2000-3000 mm

Zona agroclimática

húmeda

Thermal climate class: subtropics

5.2 Topografía

Pendientes en promedio:

plana (0-2 %)
ligera (3-5%)
moderada (6-10%)
ondulada (11-15%)
accidentada (16-30%)
empinada (31-60%)
muy empinada (>60%)

Formaciones telúricas:

meseta/ planicies
cordilleras
laderas montañosas
laderas de cerro
pies de monte
fondo del valle

Zona altitudinal:

0-100 m s.n.m.
101-500 m s.n.m.
501-1,000 m s.n.m
1,001-1,500 m s.n.m
1,501-2,000 m s.n.m
2,001-2,500 m s.n.m
2,501-3,000 m s.n.m
3,001-4,000 m s.n.m
> 4,000 m s.n.m

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l. and 1500-2000 m a.s.l.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Orientación del mercado del sistema de producción:

subsistencia (autoprovisionamiento)
comercial/ mercado

Individuos o grupos:

individual/ doméstico

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

< 0.5 ha
0.5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1,000 ha
1,000-10,000 ha
> 10,000 ha

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

individual, sin título
individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

arrendamiento
individual

6. Impactos y comentarios para concluir

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Ingreso y costos

gastos en insumos agrícolas

incrementó

disminuyó

Comentarios/ especifique:

Reduced expenses for agrochemicals

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Shed management and cleaning

complicated

simplified

Organic crop production

disabled

enabled

Animal health

reduced

improved

Establishment costs if cement is used

increased

decreased

Impactos socioculturales

Social prestige as seen as progressive farmer

reduced

improved

Handling of dung and urine

increased

decreased

Impactos ecológicos

Otros impactos ecológicos

Eutrophication and nitrification of waterbodies due to controlled outflow of urine

improved

reduced

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

contaminación de aguas subterráneas/ de ríos

incrementó

disminuyó

Comentarios/ especifique:

Reduction of nutrient influx into water bodies

Dependence on outside inputs

improved

reduced

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Ingresos a corto plazo:

positivo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

positivo

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Ingresos a corto plazo:

positivo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

positivo

Comentarios:

The high cost of mineral fertiliser means that the establishment costs are soon recovered. In the long-term, the major reduction in fertiliser cost leads to increased benefits.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Approximately 30% of SSMP supported farmers groups and about 15% none members of SSMP supported groups adopted the tehnology.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The use of urine collected on-farm reduced the requirement for mineral fertiliser which reduced production costs and outside dependency How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promotion of the technology will increase this impact
Human urine can also be used to fertilise crops, but needs to be fermented longer and may be socially less accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote the use of urine further and show there is no problem with using human urine
Applying urine as a liquid manure also irrigates the crops (fertigation) How can they be sustained / enhanced? The link between urine application and drip irrigation, or other forms of smallscale irrigation, should be promoted. It has been tested and applied successfully by farmers related to SSMP in Syangja and Surkhet in western Nepal

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The initial costs incurred whilst improving a durable shed using cement may hinder adoption	Simpler methods such as using clay soil, compacting the fl oor, and using stone slates may, however lead to less urine being collected
Project incentives (cement, plastic drum) have hindered adoption in some places	No incentives should be provided, rather very simple methods should be demonstrated and adapted to local conditions
Urine collection is feasible for subsistence farm households or small scale commercial producers. It may, however, not be applicable for larger scale commercial vegetable producers as a balance between area needed for livestock and growing the crops is needed	Urine could become a tradeable commodity which would see large-scale livestock producers selling their urine to large-scale vegetable producers.